Effect of rice and rye straw

AbstractionPurposes To analyze the nullifyion of the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa by different-term infusions of sieve stem ( 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss ) and rye whisky whiskey cover ( 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss ) .Methods and Consequences All infusions with high preoccupancy indicated inhibitory issue on the ontogeny of M. aeruginosa, and the 0.2-day infusion from rice pale yellow and the 40-day infusion from rye husk indicated the most effectual 1s with EC50 values of 28.0 milligrams C l-1 and 18.9 milligrams C l-1, severally. The convey niggardness of rice straw had negative relationship with the supreme festering and ripening count regard little decay law of continuation, whereas rye straw showed the negative relationship mingled with the extract minginess and the lone maximal ontogenesis of M. aeruginosa. Features of infusions through basal violet optical density should be changed due to abasement of straws.Decisions Rice and rye str aw infusion showed the possibility to bid the growing of M. aeruginosa, and nevertheless, mogul be considered as an facet of another unexpected potency pollutant.Significance and Impact of the Survey To place most effectual agent against algal growing, extracts from long-run debasement of straws could gain to a greater extent opportunity and possibility to happen allelochemicals.Keywords long-run infusion, allelopathy, suppression, rice straw, rye straw, SUVA, Microcystis aeruginosaIntroductionTellurian workss have been known to incorporate versatile allelochemicals with anti-algal belongingss ( Rice, 1984 ) . For illustration, barleycorn straw study comparatively more than other straws like rice and rye has been reported to demo an suppression consequence of algal growing ( Pillinger et al. , 1992 Newman and Barrett, 1993 Barrett, 1994 Everall and Lees, 1996 Barrett et al. , 1996 Everall and Lees, 1997 Cooper et al. , 1997 ) due to assorted compounds extracted from barle y straw under many different conditions, for case, oxidized phenoplast compounds from lignin beginnings ( Pillinger, 1993 Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , p-coumaric and ferulic from cell wall-bound constituents ( Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , and tannic acid ( Hussein, 1982 ) . Rice straw has besides been known to let go of allelochemicals with phenolic compound to restrict the spr expeditiousness, growing, photosynthesis, respiration and metamorphosis of other workss ( Rice 1984 Inderjit et Al. 1995 Chung et Al. 2001 ) . Park et Al ( 2006 ) showed interactive and repressive consequence of assorted phenolic compounds extracted from rice straw on the growing of Microcystis aeruginosa.These straw-derived compounds may dwell of legion complex chemicals with assorted features in an aqueous status. As straws would be applied into aquatic ecosystems to command detrimentally algal growing, straw-derived chemicals would be excreted continuously, accumulated or changed into H2O column and features of chemicals would be changed harmonizing to the debasement clip which might be linked with the l office of chemicals. However, in that respect was small in readyation on this relationship between allelochemical production and debasement clip slightly rice and rye straws. Therefore, our purposes were to analyze whether released chemical from rice and rye straws harmonizing to guff clip has different suppression consequence on the growing of cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, known as nuisance algae around the universe, and to foretell the alteration of features of extracted stuffs during decomposition clip.Materials and methodsCollection of works stuffsRye straw ( Secale cereale L. ) was collected in Keumsan, South Korea. Rice straw ( Oryza sativa L. ) which was non applied with pesticides to analyze insect pathology was obtained from Kangwon Province Agricultural seek and Extension Service, South Korea. All stuffs were instantly moved to research lab, rinsed several times with tap H2O, dried at 50? for 3 yearss and stored in a dark status at room temperature. Stored workss were cut, mortared, and sieved through 1-mm mesh in the first place experiment.Preparation of short or long-run decomposed infusionsNine gms of severally works stuff ( dry freight ) were placed in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask, incorporating 1.8 L of Moss moderate. The composing of Moss medium was ( in milligram ) 16.8 Ca2+ , 5.0 10-4 Co2- , 3.0 EDTA, 2.0 10-2 Fe3+ , 2.2 K+ , 2.4 Mg2+ , 2.0 10-2 Mn2+ , 4.0 10-3 Mo6+ , 13.6 Na+ , 6.4 NH4+ , 21.0 NO3- , 0.9 P5+ , 3.3 S6+ , 4.9 Si4+ , 5.0 10-3 Zn2+ , 3.3 10-8 Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ) , 3.3 10-7 d-Biotin, 3.3 10-8 Thiamin-HCl ( B1 ) in 1 L of distilled H2O. To break up straws for a long clip, an aerator provided aerophilic status into the 2 L Erlenmeyer flask because maintaining aerophilic status was of import for the production of phytotoxic chemicals. For illustration, Welch et Al. ( 1990 ) indicated that microbic decomposition o f barley straw was critical for the suppression of algal growing, and Newman and Barrett ( 1994 ) suggested that the chief demands for straw to be active are the care of aerophilic conditions and an active and various microflora. Humidifier prior to the aerator was installed to forestall the loss of infusions and civilization medium from the vaporization by b starting time uping dry air.The infusions from rice straw were sampled after 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss from puting straws in the civilization medium and those of rye straw were obtained after 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss from presenting straws. apiece subsampling, 200 milliliter of infusions were diffuseed through a glass fibre filter root ( Whatman, GF/F ) , and so filtrate was lyophilized and stored in a icebox until Microcystis aeruginosa growing ravel. Culture medium including infusions was made by fade outing 20 milligram of lyophilised stuff in 100 milliliter of sterilized Moss medium and filtered through a glass fibre filter paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) . Then, to quantitatively look into the suppression of M. aeruginosa growing by infusions, civilization medium including infusions was diluted with sterilized Moss medium to a scope of concentration of infusions ( adjudicate declaration ) . Tested concentrations of infusions each decomposition period of straws were in Table 1. The concentrations of dissolved primitive C ( DOC ) in infusions were determined utilizing the TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) . Each 10 milliliter of civilization medium was stored at 4? to mensurate UV 260nm optical density.Culture status and growing finding of M. aeruginosaEach 4 milliliter of trial solutions was transferred into five glass civilization tubings ( c.a. 11 milliliter, USA Scientific Culture Tube ) with a cap and so, autoclaved. After 1-day chilling, each 0.3 milliliter of M. aeruginosa ( obtained from Institute of Hydrobiology, chinaware ) was inoculated into four tubings and cultured. Rema ined one civilization tubing was used to mensurate clean value of fluorescence or optical density to observe algal growing each infusion. M. aeruginosa in exponential or placeary growing phase was inoculated for the experiments. Culture tubings were incubated in 251? and illuminated by fluorescent visible radiations to give about 80? E m-2 s-1 for 24 h every 24 hours. Tubes were agitated with a whirl sociable twice a twenty-four hours. The places of data-based tubings in an brooder were randomized at least four times a hebdomad. In vivo fluorescence of M. aeruginosa was measured with 1 or 2 yearss legal separation utilizing a spectrofluorophotometer ( RF-1501, Shimadzu ) at 343 nanometer of an excitement wavelength and 680 nanometer of an emanation wavelength. Absorbance ( 680 nm ) of algal cells to mensurate algal growing was determined with 1 or 2 yearss interval utilizing a spectrophotometer ( 101, Hitachi ) alternatively of fluorescence after 50-day infusion of rice straw and 100-day infusion of rye straw.Determination of M. aeruginosa growing and statistics techniquesTo cipher maximal growing ( K ) and growing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa, a logistic map was used to show a sigmoid curve for algal growing ( SigmaPlot 9.0, Jandel Scientific ) as followsEC50 values ( concentration, when 50 % suppression consequence occurs ) were obtained from maximal growing values of each trial comparingd with get a line on log-probit graduated tables. A consecutive line linking the two impending values above and below the line matching to 50 % suppression was obtained ( Yamane et al. , 1984 ) . In instance of 50 and 100 yearss in rice straw and 0.2 twenty-four hours in rye straw, EC50 values were calculated by the extrapolation of two closest informations of less than 50 % suppression. To cipher no-inhibition upper limit tested concentration , referred as a maximal concentration shown no-inhibition out of tried concentrations, repeated measured analysis of discrepan cy ( ANOVA ) with station hoc of Dunnett trial was used ( p & gt 0.05 ) to compare the distribution of optical density or fluorescence for observing M. aeruginosa growing between control without infusion and trial solutions. One-way ANOVA ( station hoc Duncan trial ) was employ ( p & A lt 0.05 ) to compare normalized maximal growing or normalized growing rate among common chord groups of dissolved organic concentration ( DOC ) of infusions, and normalized maximal growing or normalized growing rate are calculated by divided maximal growing or growing rate in trial solution by in control, severally.Ratio of UV260 and DOC in infusionsIn order to foretell the alteration of features of infusions during decaying, the ratio of UV optical density at 260 nanometers and DOC concentration ( SUVA specialised extremist violet optical density ) was measured. The UV optical density and DOC were measured by a spectrophotometer ( UV-2401PC, Shimadzu ) and TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) , severally.ConsequencesConsequence of infusions of rice and rye straws on M. aeruginosa growing harmonizing to decomposition continuanceEffectss of infusions from rice and rye straws harmonizing to decay periods on M. aeruginosa growing were in Table 1. In rice straw, 0.2-day decay infusions showed the highest suppression consequence of the growing of M. aeruginosa among four different decomposition periods and the EC50 value was 28.0 mg C l-1. The infusion of 10-day decay was followed with EC50 value of 30.7 milligrams C l-1. In 50-day and 100-day of decomposition, repressive effects were much less than those in 0.2- and 10-day infusions, and stimulus effects were shown in the scope of less than 23 mg C l-1. Although each period has different concentration of infusions, when no-inhibition maximal concentration was considered in all decomposition periods, 0.2-day and 10-day decay with & A lt 9 and & A lt 2 milligram C l-1, severally, could bespeak higher inhibitory possible to command the growing of M. aeruginosa than 50-day and 100-day decay with 23 and 17 milligrams C l-1, severally. Likewise, growing per centum against control at maximal concentration each decay period showed similar form in malice of otherwise maximal concentrations. Overall, repressive ability was mostly increased in scope of more than approximately 30 milligrams C l-1 in all decay periods ( Figure 1 ) . In rye straw, suppression capableness from 0.2-day decay to 40-day decay increased harmonizing to decay clip through diminish of EC50 values ( Table 1 ) . Although suppression ability was diminished from 50-day decay infusion, suppression of M. aeruginosa growing increased until 150-day decay. Infusions of 40- and 150-day decay of rye straw had the highest repression capableness with 18.9 and 19.7 milligrams C l-1 of EC50 value, severally. Stimulus or repressive effects on the growing of M. aeruginosa coexisted in similar concentration of infusions from different decomposition clip ( Figure 1 ) . This phenomenon might give equivocal information to construe the repressive consequence by infusions from assorted decay phases. However, it was clear to demo positive relationships between extract concentration and repressive consequence, and perchance to bespeak that different substances from straws might be produced harmonizing to decay periods.Consequence of extract concentrations on the maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosaPercentage of maximal growing ( K ) and growing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa in each trial solution normalized by K and u in control was shown in Fig. 2, and three groups were differentiated by merely DOC concentration of infusions irrespective of decay periods low ( 2-10 milligram C l-1 ) , medium ( 11-30 milligram C l-1 ) , and high ( & gt 30 milligram C l-1 ) DOC. In rice straw, means ( SE ) of normalized K and U of M. aeruginosa were 102.5 ( 4.9 ) and 96.9 ( 2.9 ) in low DOC and 95.0 ( 11.1 ) and 102.1 ( 5.1 ) in medium DO C, severally, and there was no important remainder in K ( p=0.655 ) and u ( p=0.710 ) between low and medium DOC ( one-way ANOVA, n=13 ) . However, agencies ( SE ) of normalized K and U in high DOC were 20.4 ( 18.5 ) and 43.4 ( 21.9 ) , severally, and infusions in high DOC might incorporate strong suppression ability against both maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosa.In rye straw, there was important difference in K among three degrees ( one-way ANOVA, F2,25=22.386, P & A lt 0.001, station hoc Duncan, n=26, P & A lt 0.005 ) , but no important difference in U among three degrees ( one-way ANOVA, F2,25=0.664, p=0.524 ) . This rye infusion showed repressive consequence on maximal growing but non on growing rate. Means ( SE ) of normalized K and u were 106.3 ( 6.8 ) and 101.4 ( 5.5 ) in low DOC, 67.3 ( 8.8 ) and 111.5 ( 7.9 ) in medium DOC, and 33.9 ( 8.5 ) and 89.9 ( 20.6 ) in high DOC, severally.Change of features of infusions harmonizing to decomposition cl ipSUVA values versus decay periods each infusion were shown in Fig. 3. Those SUVA values were increased harmonizing to decay periods in both straws. It might place that features of infusion were altering during decomposition of straws, and both infusion could hold different stuffs. Slopes between decay clip and SUVA in rice and rye straw were 0.017 ( R2=0.63, P & gt 0.05 ) and 0.019 ( R2=0.93, P & A lt 0.01 ) , severally.DiscussionThis probe of time-course decomposition in rice and rye straws demonstrated that suppression capacity of infusions on the growing of M. aeruginosa increased with high concentration, whereas low concentration showed no-effect or stimulation for its growing in all decay periods. In rye straw, all infusions after 5-day decay showed higher suppression ( scorn EC50 values ) than 0.2-day decay ( Table 1, Fig. 1 ) . Particularly, infusion of 150-day decay along with 40-day had maximal suppressive consequence, and this consequence was similar to the survey of Gibson et Al. ( 1990 ) utilizing barley straw, which indicated that the repressive consequence was produced increasingly during the decomposition of the barley straw and reached a maximal after six months. However, the survey utilizing rice straw showed different forms, where the leachates of short-run decay were more effectual than that of long-run decay although limited factors for comparative experiment between rye and rice straw were existed such as deficit of decay continuance and narrow concentration scope of rice straw. The growing of M. aeruginosa in a bioassay experiment would be inhibited due to the chelation of food by the leachates or straw-secreted antialgal bioactive compounds. The former ground might be ruled out, because there were ample foods and hint elements for the growing of M. aeruginosa in the civilization medium and the stimulation of algal growing in lower concentrations of leachates could non be explained by chelation mechanism. Similarly, one of indispens able growing factors, such as vitamin B12, would be more likely to be produced by straw microflora so removed from solution ( Welch et al. , 1990 ) . For the latter ground, several surveies demonstrated that algal growing inhibited by straw-secreted antialgal substances was associated with the straw decomposition ( Gibson et al. , 1990 Pillinger et al. , 1994 Ridge and Pillinger, 1996 ) . Ridge and Barrett ( 1992 ) showed that the straw was active even at low concentrations against a scope of algae in natural Waterss including unicellular and filiform green algae and blue-green algae. The difference of lignin content between rye and rice straws could be contributed into different forms of algal suppression when considered that lignin content of rye straw was much more treble than that of rice straw ( lignin content 21 % in rye straw from Kocheva et al. , 2008 and 7 % in rice straw from Sun et al. , 2000 ) , although we did nt analyse lignin contents of our tried straws. Pillinger et Al. ( 1995 ) showed that lignin-enriched brown-rotted wood is repressive to both Chlorella and Microcystis to a greater extent than lignin-depleted white-rotted wood. As decomposition status in this survey, oxidization of straw may ease lignin solubilization and/or put forward toxicity of the solubilized materal ( Pillinger et al. , 1994 ) . Besides, lignin appears to be the most promising beginning of compounds like the methoxyphenols ( Ridge et al. , 1995 ) . Methoxyphenols every bit good as quinones, used theoretical accounts for oxidised phenolic compounds, have shown antialgal activity against Microcystis ( Pillinger et al. , 1994 ) . Other phytotoxic compounds such as ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were found both in cold-water infusions of the straw of barley, rye, wheat, and in alcoholic infusions of their roots ( Borner, 1960 ) , and in rice straw ( Rice 1984 Inderjit et Al. 1995 Chung et Al. 2001 ) .The ground demoing otherwise repressive activity during straw debasement would probably be due to the continuum of production, the accretion of stubborn fraction and the chemical regeneration from assorted allelochemicals. As an application of an algae-growth inhibitor, adopted straws would undergo aging, decease, and decomposition in aquatic ecosystem. Under these conditions, plant-induced allelochemicals may be excreted or degraded continuously, be piled up into H2O columns, and besides contribute to the pool of organic affair in the aquatic ecosystem. These plant-derived allelochemicals contribute the formation of humic substances. SUVA can give information about the extent of aromacity of DOM related with humification. Increase of inclines between SUVA and decay periods in tried straws might ensue from the formation of stuffs such as humic substances harmonizing to decay periods and the gradational increasing of fractious fraction instead than reactive one ( Fig. 2 ) . Chemical construction of straw infusions can b e changed during biological and chemical decomposition, i.e. , labile fractions might be much more easy degraded than stubborn 1s ( Fig. 2 ) . For illustration, SUVA, an index of aromatic C content, has been shown to be negatively correlated with perishable DOC ( Kalbitz et al. , 2003 ) . However, qualitative style and each specific consequence on the algal growing from decayed infusions remain to be studied. Although specific chemicals may be needed to be identified for the ecologically and environmentally safe options of Restoration, interactive consequence by combination of several chemicals might be considered ( Park et al. , 2006 ) . short-term extraction from straws might lose out the opportunity to happen much better option, since this survey showed that infusions were chemically changed due to debasement and changed infusions showed different ability to suppress both maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosa. Conversely, the significantly algicidal chemical might b e missed from infusions of low concentration demoing stimulus consequence on M. aeruginosa growing in this survey. Particularly, notable would be the observation to demo the different form about the suppression of maximal growing and growing rate between rice and rye straw infusions ( Fig. 2 ) , and nevertheless, these physiological features might be remained to be elucidated.Although all tested workss showed the suppression of algal growing in this survey, before works leachates incorporating allelochemicals are applied to command algal growing, the addition of the organic affair by leachates in the lakes or rootages demands to be considered. The importance of the control of organic affair is beyond difference in the H2O quality direction and research lab consequences should be extrapolated to the field with cautiousness.DecisionAll extracts with high concentration expressed by DOC showed repressive consequence on the growing of M. aeruginosa, and the 40-day infusion from rye stra w indicated most effectual 1 with the lowest EC50 value of 18.9 mgC l-1. It was found that the extract concentration of rice straw had negative relationship with the maximal growing and growing rate, whereas rye straw showed negative relationship between the extract concentration and the lone maximal growing of M. aeruginosa. Through UV optical density, features of infusions should be changed due to debasement of straws, and this alteration might be linked with their repressive ability on the growing of M. aeruginosa. However, increasing DOC as unexpected pollutants every bit good as extrapolation of research lab plants into field status should be considered anterior to using infusions from straws as an option for Restoration technique.MentionsBarrett, P.R.F. , 1994. Field and laboratory experiments on the effects of barley straw on algae. 1994 BCPC monograph No.59 comparison greenhouse & A field pesticide public presentation II pp.191-200.Barrett, P.R.F. , Curnow, J.C. , Littlejoh n, J.W. , 1996. The control of diatom and cyanophyte blooms in reservoirs utilizing barley straw. Hydrobiologia 340, 307-311.Borner, H. , 1960. Liberation of organic substances from higher workss and their function in the dirt infirmity job. Bot. Rev. 26, 393-424.Chesson, A. , Stewart, C.S. , Wallace, R.J. , 1982. Influence of works phenolic acids on growing and cellulolytic activity of first stomachs bacteriums. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44, 597-603.Chung, I.M. , Ahn, J.K. and Yun, S.J. ( 2001 ) Appraisal of allelopathic potency of barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli ) on rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) cultivars. crease Prot 20, 921-928.Cooper, J.A, Pillinger, J.M. , Ridge, I. , 1997. Barley straw inhibits growing of some aquatic saprolegniaceous Fungis. Aquaculture 156, 157-163.Everall, N.C. , Lees, D.R. , 1996. The usage of barley-straw to command general and bluish green algal growing in a Derbyshire reservoir. Wat. Res. 30, 269-276.Everall, N.C. , Lees, D.R. , 1997. The designa tion and significance of chemicals released from break uping barley straw during reservoir algal control. Wat. Res. 31, 614-620.Gibson, M.T. , Welch, I.M. , Barrett, P.R.F. , Ridge, I. , 1990. Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growing II research lab surveies. journal of Applied Phycology 2, 241-248.Hussein, A.S.M. , 1982. Algicidal belongingss of Acacia nilotica. Fitoterapia 53, 175-177.Inderjit, K.M.M. Dakshini, and F.A. Einhellig ( explosive detection systems ) , 1995. Allelopathy Organisms, Processes, and Applications. ACS Symposium Series 582. Washington, DC American Chemical Society.Kalbitz K, Schmerwitz J, Schwesig D, Matzner E ( 2003a ) . Biodegradation of soil-derived dissolved organic affair as related to its belongingss. Geoderma 113273-291L.S. Kocheva, A.P. Karmanov, M.V. Mironov, V.A. Belyi, V.Yu. Belyaev, Yu.B. Monakov, 2008. Straw Lignins hydrodynamic and Conformational Properties of the Macromolecules. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 81 ( 11 ) 2033-2039.Ne wman, J.R. , Barrett, P.R.F. , 1993. Control of Microcystis aeruginosa by break uping barley straw. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 31, 203-206.Park, M.H. , Han, M.S. , Ahn, C.Y. , Kim H.S. , Yoon, B.D. and Oh, H.M. 2006. Growth suppression of bloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa by rice straw infusion, Letters in Applied Microbiology 43 307-312.Pillinger, J.M. , Gilmour, I. , Ridge, I. , 1995. Comparison of anti-algal activity of brown-rotted and white-rotted wood and in situ analysis of lignin. J. Chem. Ecol. 24, 1113-1120.Pillinger, J.M, Cooper, J.A. , Ridge, I. , 1994. Role of phenolic compounds in the antialgal activity of barley straw. J. Chem. Ecol. 20, 1557-1569.Pillinger, J.M. , 1993. Algal control by barley straw. Ph D Thesis, Department of Biology, The Open University, Milton Heynes. U.K. cited in The control of diatom and cyanophyte blooms in reservoirs utilizing barley straw. Barrett, P.R.F. , Curnow, J.C. , Littlejohn, J.W. , 1996. Hydrobiologia 340, 307-311. P illinger, J.M. , Cooper, J.A. , Ridge, I. , Barrett, P.R.F. , 1992. Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growing III the function of fungous decomposition. Journal of Applied Phycology 4, 353-355.Rice, E.L. , 1984. Allelopathy. Academic Press, London. p. 422.Ridge, I. , Pillinger, J.M. , 1996. Towards understanding the nature of algal inhibitors from barley straw. Hydrobiologia 340, 301-305.Ridge, I. , Barrett, P.R.F. , 1992. Algal control with barley straw. Aspects of Applied Biology 29, 457-462.Ridge, I. , J. Pillinger, and J. Walters, 1995. Relieving the jobs of inordinate algal growing. In The Ecological Basis for River Management. Wiley, Chichester. cited in The designation and significance of chemicals released from break uping barley straw during reservoir algal control. Everall, N.C. and D.R. Lees, 1997. Wat. Res. 31 ( 3 ) 614-620. Sun, R. , J. Tomkinson, F.C. Mao and X.F. Sun, 2000. Physicochemical word picture of lignins from rice straw by H peroxide intervention. Journal of Applied Polymer learning 79 ( 4 ) 710-732.Thurman, E.M. , 1985. Organic geochemistry of natural Waterss. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 51.Welch, I.M. , P.R.F. Barrett, M.T. Gibson and I. Ridge, 1990. Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growing I surveies in the Chesterfield Canal. Journal of Applied Phycology 2 231-239.Yamane, A.N. , M. Okada and R. Sudo, 1984. The growing suppression of planktonic algae due to wetting agents used in rinsing agents. Wat. Res. 18 ( 9 ) 1101-1105.