Working Mothers and the Welfare State Essay -- Politics of Work-Family

How can we explain the differences in work-family policies in the different welfare states?Kimberly Morgans research approach is policy centred and focuses in particular on gendered polices. In this book, with a historical comparative approach, she tries to explain how both religious practice and religious conflict are key in the formation of the welfare state. She emphasizes the relationship between religion as a political force, gender and familial ideologies, the constellation of political parties and the nature of follower competition, womens movements, policy legacies, and social structural changes . As stressed out in the first pages this book examines and explain patterns of work-family policies in Sweden, France, the Netherlands and the United States, loose particular assist to child care policy but also looking at parental leave and flexible work-time arrangements. The analysis focuses on how religion has influenced on this ratio of the welfare state. As Morgan underli nes, gender differences in social policies are explained by womens movements, by the pressures generated by social structural changes on the welfare state and by ideologies. Given that organized religion is an important source of ideology, we can then say that religion has had a fundamental role in the formative of the relationship between state, family and gender. In fact organized religions have sought to maintain their position as the dominant arbiters of community values and morality with giving a great attention over child and family affairs. An example of religious influence on public welfare policies is the maintenance of the status quo perpetuated by the Christian democracys party.The temporal dimension of the welfa... ...by Kimberly J. Morgan, Stanford University Press, 2006 operative Mothers and the Welfare State by Kimberly J. MorganReview by Jason Beckfield Social Forces, Vol. 86, No. 2 (Dec., 2007), pp. 867-869 Published by Oxford University PressMiriam Cohen. (2009 ) Working Mothers and the Welfare State Religion and the Politics of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States, by Kimberly J. Morgan, Labor History, 503, 382-383, DOI 10.1080/00236560903021649 Ingela K. Naumann. Working Mothers and the Welfare State Religion and the Politics of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe and the United States, by Kimberly J. Morgan, Journal of European Social Policy DOI 10.1177/09589287070170030602 2007 17 286 Lewis, Jane. Gender and the development of welfare regimes Journal of European Social Policy , 1992

Supporting Nuclear Energy as a Power Source :: essays research papers

Do you know that only fifty people give birth ever splitd from nuclear power plant associate disasters? Thats more than the number of people that die from car crashes around the world each hour. Just because people die from driving doesnt pie-eyed that we should doing that, so why should we not have nuclear power plants when only a small number of people died from them. The problem is that people over-exaggerate the negative split of nuclear energy and use it to kindle the publics fear of nuclear energy. For these reasons and more I support nuclear energy as a power source.First, nuclear energy has proven to be the most economical energy source. 15.5 grams of Uranium can produce as much energy as 1,400 tons of coal. Using nuclear power would also lower the cost of gas because there wouldnt have to be as much embrocate burning power plants, so the demand of oil wouldnt be as high. And, lastly, with nuclear energy we wouldnt have to keep replacing the fuel because one an d only(a) rod of enriched Uranium can last as long as fifty years.Second, nuclear energy is one of the safest forms of energy. For starters, more people die each year from coal mining accidents and oil drilling separately than the number of people that have died from nuclear power plants. Next, for radiation exposure The thermonuclear power industry contributes to far less than one percent of the average persons exposure. The rest of the radiation exposure comes from x-rays, medical waste, the radiation that is naturally given hit by rocks, and numerous other sources. As for transporting the material to and from the sight, the containers that the material is shipped in are put through rigorous tests such as being sufficient to survive a 2,000-foot fall onto a concrete surface and survive 30 minutes engulfed in 1,475-degree fire. So, safety wise, the nuclear energy industry is one of the safest.Lastly, nuclear power is one of the cleanest energy sources. Power plants that b urn coal pollute the air and cause acid rain. Plants that burn oil force us to use large ships that sometimes spill the oil. Nuclear energy, on the other hand, doesnt release any pollutants, and while shipping the radioactive material, there have been no accidents that have released any radiation into the air.

Blue Crush Film Review :: essays research papers

Striving for RespectThese waves are for the big boysMy film review is on the painting Blue wash up for my topic Women competing with the men. The movie is direct by John Stockwell and is written by Lizzy Weiss. The basic for the movie is that the main character Anne Marie is a croper trying to make it big and become sponsored. She has to enlighten the respect of her friends, herself and the respect of the men surfers who ride the pipeline. She has to overcome her fears and conquer her own limits. Anne Maries goal is to become a big wave surfer and to do that she needs to conquer her fears and overcome the critics who say a girl cant ride the big waves like the boys. Anne Marie has many obstacles to overcome through the movie. beginning she has to take care of her little sister Penny, second she has to make money to pay rent, and third then she has to work and train for the Pipe Masters surf competition. Besides her obvious goals she has to earn the respect of herself to surf wit h the guys. A quote from the movie is when a guy surfer Eden says to Anne MarieThese waves are for the big boys. (Blue mash 2002)This shows that the men dont think she can compete on the same big waves as they do. At one point in the movie when she goes out to try and prove herself to the guys, they clear the wave so that she can take it. She hesitates and doesnt take the first couple waves. Her fear overcomes her and she looks weak in the eyes of the guys. The fear of failure is the driving force in what holds her choke in become a great surfer period. Its not holding her back just in the female surfing world but the male and female surfing world as a whole. A strong consequence in the film is where she gets the nerve to test the big waves with the guys and before she goes out to the beach she runs into her ex-boyfriend. He obviously doesnt think she can hang with the guys and questions her draw You really think you can surf it for real out there?Anne Marie Well, Drew, I dated y ou, I guess I can do anything. (Blue Crush 2002)This shows how she rises to the occasion in face of the guy telling her she cant do it.

Virginity In Chronicle Of A Death by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel :: Virginity Chronicle Marquez Chocolate Essays

Virginity In Chronicle Of A oddment by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Like piss for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel Latin American society has placed a very high value on women being virgins when they marry. This value is one of the basal themes in Chronicle of a Death foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. In contrast, virginity does not appear to hold significance in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel. However this is only on the surface but as one delves into the deeper meanings of each book it almost seems as if the authors view this social doctrine as childish. Throughout the stories contained within both books, a mockery is made out of the idea that celibacy is for those not yet married. The plot of Chronicle of a Death Foretold is totally based on the understanding that maintaining a womans virginity is important enough to kill for and conversely that anyone violating this social moray was risking death. Virginity is viewed as same with honor. This aspect is what Garc ia Marquez challenges with the use of irony. Throughout the book, he inserts aspects that speak directly to the importance of this theme and reinforces this concept by use of several devices, of which irony is the most prominent. No one would have thought, nor did anyone say, that Angela Vicario wasnt a virgin. She hadnt known any previous fianc and shed grown up along with her sisters under the rigor of a mother of iron. Even when it was less than two months before she would be married, Pura Vicario wouldnt let her go out alone with Bayardo San Roman to see the house where they were going to live, but she and the blind novice accompanied her to watch over her honor.The idea of protecting her virginity is so important as to have a blind father as a chaperone. This is absurd, to make a blind man to watch over Angela Vicario, and is how Gabriel Garcia Marquez ridicules the preconception of pre-marital virginity. The societal value placed on these preconception is to a faul t demonstrated in small ways like the name of the mother, Pura. Pura in spanish means pure virginity and pure in this society were one and the same. Puras sole purpose throughout the book is to keep Angelas virginity safe from those who would puncture it, and to punish Angela for making the mistake of losing her virginity before marriage.

John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Essays Papers

Of Mice and Men SummaryThis story is just about Lennie Small and his friend, George Milton, both of them were forced to leave weed because Lennie was accused of raping a female child. This book was dress in Salinas Valley, California. The book begins with the two of them hiding from the mad townspeople. Lennie had a tendency to grab things and not let go, yet he was unaware of his own strength. This puzzle got them into trouble a lot. Chapter One Lennie and George are hiding. They were forced to leave Weed because Lennie was accused of rape. They went from ranch to ranch. They sit and talk and disgust their plans are for the next day, and then they go to a ranch and George does all the talking. Chapter Two Lennie and George arrived at the ranch were his new home is. He asks them for both of their names, and where they worked before and what skills they have. George answers every question for Lennie that makes the impress curious. He asks George why he always answers the ques tions for Lennie, thinking that is trying to get Lennies pay. Then he tells him that Lennie is a little slow. After he left, edulcorate came in and so did Curley. Once he left, George and Candy talked about him. Candy said that Curley hates men who are bigger than him. Candy also said that Curleys wife is a flirt. Soon after, Curleys wife entered looking for her husband. After flirting with George and Lennie, she leaves.Chapter Three Slims dog just had puppies and Lennie asked if he could have one. Slim said yes. George t white-haired Slim about the incident in Weed. He also told him that Lennie had a problem where he has to touch pretty things, so he grabbed a girls dress. The girl started to scream. So he held on tighter because he was confused. The girl accused Lennie of rape and they had to leave town. Carlson tried to convince Candy to shoot his dog because it was so old and in constant pain. Candy finally said yes after arguing and then he shot the dog, and buried it. Seve ral minutes later Curley came into the bunkhouse looking for his wife. He was told that no one had seen her around and was about to leave but he noticed that Slim was not there, either.

John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Essays Papers

Of Mice and Men SummaryThis story is about Lennie Small and his friend, George Milton, both of them were forced to result weed because Lennie was accused of raping a girl. This book was set in Salinas Valley, California. The book begins with the two of them hiding from the mad townspeople. Lennie had a tendency to grab things and not permit go, yet he was unaw ar of his own strength. This problem got them into trouble a lot. Chapter One Lennie and George are hiding. They were forced to leave Weed because Lennie was accused of rape. They went from ranch to ranch. They put and talk and disgust their plans are for the next day, then they go to a ranch and George does all the talking. Chapter Two Lennie and George arrived at the ranch were his new home is. He asks them for both of their names, and where they worked before and what skills they have. George answers every question for Lennie that makes the boss curious. He asks George why he always answers the questions for Lennie, th inking that is trying to get Lennies pay. Then he tells him that Lennie is a little slow. After he left, Candy came in and so did Curley. Once he left, George and Candy talked about him. Candy said that Curley hates men who are bigger than him. Candy also said that Curleys wife is a flirt. Soon after, Curleys wife entered looking for her husband. After flirting with George and Lennie, she leaves.Chapter Three sveltes dog just had puppies and Lennie asked if he could have one. Slim said yes. George told Slim about the incident in Weed. He also told him that Lennie had a problem where he has to touch pretty things, so he grabbed a girls dress. The girl started to scream. So he held on tighter because he was confused. The girl accused Lennie of rape and they had to leave town. Carlson tried to prevail on _or_ upon Candy to shoot his dog because it was so old and in constant pain. Candy finally said yes after arguing and then he grab the dog, and buried it. Several minutes later Cur ley came into the bunkhouse looking for his wife. He was told that no one had seen her around and was about to leave but he noticed that Slim was not there, either.

Effect of rice and rye straw

AbstractionPurposes To analyze the nullifyion of the developing of Microcystis aeruginosa by different-term infusions of sieve stem ( 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss ) and rye whisky whiskey cover ( 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss ) .Methods and Consequences All infusions with high preoccupancy indicated inhibitory issue on the ontogeny of M. aeruginosa, and the 0.2-day infusion from rice pale yellow and the 40-day infusion from rye husk indicated the most effectual 1s with EC50 values of 28.0 milligrams C l-1 and 18.9 milligrams C l-1, severally. The convey niggardness of rice straw had negative relationship with the supreme festering and ripening count regard little decay law of continuation, whereas rye straw showed the negative relationship mingled with the extract minginess and the lone maximal ontogenesis of M. aeruginosa. Features of infusions through basal violet optical density should be changed due to abasement of straws.Decisions Rice and rye str aw infusion showed the possibility to bid the growing of M. aeruginosa, and nevertheless, mogul be considered as an facet of another unexpected potency pollutant.Significance and Impact of the Survey To place most effectual agent against algal growing, extracts from long-run debasement of straws could gain to a greater extent opportunity and possibility to happen allelochemicals.Keywords long-run infusion, allelopathy, suppression, rice straw, rye straw, SUVA, Microcystis aeruginosaIntroductionTellurian workss have been known to incorporate versatile allelochemicals with anti-algal belongingss ( Rice, 1984 ) . For illustration, barleycorn straw study comparatively more than other straws like rice and rye has been reported to demo an suppression consequence of algal growing ( Pillinger et al. , 1992 Newman and Barrett, 1993 Barrett, 1994 Everall and Lees, 1996 Barrett et al. , 1996 Everall and Lees, 1997 Cooper et al. , 1997 ) due to assorted compounds extracted from barle y straw under many different conditions, for case, oxidized phenoplast compounds from lignin beginnings ( Pillinger, 1993 Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , p-coumaric and ferulic from cell wall-bound constituents ( Chesson et al. , 1982 ) , and tannic acid ( Hussein, 1982 ) . Rice straw has besides been known to let go of allelochemicals with phenolic compound to restrict the spr expeditiousness, growing, photosynthesis, respiration and metamorphosis of other workss ( Rice 1984 Inderjit et Al. 1995 Chung et Al. 2001 ) . Park et Al ( 2006 ) showed interactive and repressive consequence of assorted phenolic compounds extracted from rice straw on the growing of Microcystis aeruginosa.These straw-derived compounds may dwell of legion complex chemicals with assorted features in an aqueous status. As straws would be applied into aquatic ecosystems to command detrimentally algal growing, straw-derived chemicals would be excreted continuously, accumulated or changed into H2O column and features of chemicals would be changed harmonizing to the debasement clip which might be linked with the l office of chemicals. However, in that respect was small in readyation on this relationship between allelochemical production and debasement clip slightly rice and rye straws. Therefore, our purposes were to analyze whether released chemical from rice and rye straws harmonizing to guff clip has different suppression consequence on the growing of cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, known as nuisance algae around the universe, and to foretell the alteration of features of extracted stuffs during decomposition clip.Materials and methodsCollection of works stuffsRye straw ( Secale cereale L. ) was collected in Keumsan, South Korea. Rice straw ( Oryza sativa L. ) which was non applied with pesticides to analyze insect pathology was obtained from Kangwon Province Agricultural seek and Extension Service, South Korea. All stuffs were instantly moved to research lab, rinsed several times with tap H2O, dried at 50? for 3 yearss and stored in a dark status at room temperature. Stored workss were cut, mortared, and sieved through 1-mm mesh in the first place experiment.Preparation of short or long-run decomposed infusionsNine gms of severally works stuff ( dry freight ) were placed in a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask, incorporating 1.8 L of Moss moderate. The composing of Moss medium was ( in milligram ) 16.8 Ca2+ , 5.0 10-4 Co2- , 3.0 EDTA, 2.0 10-2 Fe3+ , 2.2 K+ , 2.4 Mg2+ , 2.0 10-2 Mn2+ , 4.0 10-3 Mo6+ , 13.6 Na+ , 6.4 NH4+ , 21.0 NO3- , 0.9 P5+ , 3.3 S6+ , 4.9 Si4+ , 5.0 10-3 Zn2+ , 3.3 10-8 Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ) , 3.3 10-7 d-Biotin, 3.3 10-8 Thiamin-HCl ( B1 ) in 1 L of distilled H2O. To break up straws for a long clip, an aerator provided aerophilic status into the 2 L Erlenmeyer flask because maintaining aerophilic status was of import for the production of phytotoxic chemicals. For illustration, Welch et Al. ( 1990 ) indicated that microbic decomposition o f barley straw was critical for the suppression of algal growing, and Newman and Barrett ( 1994 ) suggested that the chief demands for straw to be active are the care of aerophilic conditions and an active and various microflora. Humidifier prior to the aerator was installed to forestall the loss of infusions and civilization medium from the vaporization by b starting time uping dry air.The infusions from rice straw were sampled after 0.2, 10, 50 and 100 yearss from puting straws in the civilization medium and those of rye straw were obtained after 0.2, 5, 15, 40, 50, 100 and 150 yearss from presenting straws. apiece subsampling, 200 milliliter of infusions were diffuseed through a glass fibre filter root ( Whatman, GF/F ) , and so filtrate was lyophilized and stored in a icebox until Microcystis aeruginosa growing ravel. Culture medium including infusions was made by fade outing 20 milligram of lyophilised stuff in 100 milliliter of sterilized Moss medium and filtered through a glass fibre filter paper ( Whatman, GF/F ) . Then, to quantitatively look into the suppression of M. aeruginosa growing by infusions, civilization medium including infusions was diluted with sterilized Moss medium to a scope of concentration of infusions ( adjudicate declaration ) . Tested concentrations of infusions each decomposition period of straws were in Table 1. The concentrations of dissolved primitive C ( DOC ) in infusions were determined utilizing the TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) . Each 10 milliliter of civilization medium was stored at 4? to mensurate UV 260nm optical density.Culture status and growing finding of M. aeruginosaEach 4 milliliter of trial solutions was transferred into five glass civilization tubings ( c.a. 11 milliliter, USA Scientific Culture Tube ) with a cap and so, autoclaved. After 1-day chilling, each 0.3 milliliter of M. aeruginosa ( obtained from Institute of Hydrobiology, chinaware ) was inoculated into four tubings and cultured. Rema ined one civilization tubing was used to mensurate clean value of fluorescence or optical density to observe algal growing each infusion. M. aeruginosa in exponential or placeary growing phase was inoculated for the experiments. Culture tubings were incubated in 251? and illuminated by fluorescent visible radiations to give about 80? E m-2 s-1 for 24 h every 24 hours. Tubes were agitated with a whirl sociable twice a twenty-four hours. The places of data-based tubings in an brooder were randomized at least four times a hebdomad. In vivo fluorescence of M. aeruginosa was measured with 1 or 2 yearss legal separation utilizing a spectrofluorophotometer ( RF-1501, Shimadzu ) at 343 nanometer of an excitement wavelength and 680 nanometer of an emanation wavelength. Absorbance ( 680 nm ) of algal cells to mensurate algal growing was determined with 1 or 2 yearss interval utilizing a spectrophotometer ( 101, Hitachi ) alternatively of fluorescence after 50-day infusion of rice straw and 100-day infusion of rye straw.Determination of M. aeruginosa growing and statistics techniquesTo cipher maximal growing ( K ) and growing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa, a logistic map was used to show a sigmoid curve for algal growing ( SigmaPlot 9.0, Jandel Scientific ) as followsEC50 values ( concentration, when 50 % suppression consequence occurs ) were obtained from maximal growing values of each trial comparingd with get a line on log-probit graduated tables. A consecutive line linking the two impending values above and below the line matching to 50 % suppression was obtained ( Yamane et al. , 1984 ) . In instance of 50 and 100 yearss in rice straw and 0.2 twenty-four hours in rye straw, EC50 values were calculated by the extrapolation of two closest informations of less than 50 % suppression. To cipher no-inhibition upper limit tested concentration , referred as a maximal concentration shown no-inhibition out of tried concentrations, repeated measured analysis of discrepan cy ( ANOVA ) with station hoc of Dunnett trial was used ( p & gt 0.05 ) to compare the distribution of optical density or fluorescence for observing M. aeruginosa growing between control without infusion and trial solutions. One-way ANOVA ( station hoc Duncan trial ) was employ ( p & A lt 0.05 ) to compare normalized maximal growing or normalized growing rate among common chord groups of dissolved organic concentration ( DOC ) of infusions, and normalized maximal growing or normalized growing rate are calculated by divided maximal growing or growing rate in trial solution by in control, severally.Ratio of UV260 and DOC in infusionsIn order to foretell the alteration of features of infusions during decaying, the ratio of UV optical density at 260 nanometers and DOC concentration ( SUVA specialised extremist violet optical density ) was measured. The UV optical density and DOC were measured by a spectrophotometer ( UV-2401PC, Shimadzu ) and TOC analyser ( TOC-5000A, Shimadzu ) , severally.ConsequencesConsequence of infusions of rice and rye straws on M. aeruginosa growing harmonizing to decomposition continuanceEffectss of infusions from rice and rye straws harmonizing to decay periods on M. aeruginosa growing were in Table 1. In rice straw, 0.2-day decay infusions showed the highest suppression consequence of the growing of M. aeruginosa among four different decomposition periods and the EC50 value was 28.0 mg C l-1. The infusion of 10-day decay was followed with EC50 value of 30.7 milligrams C l-1. In 50-day and 100-day of decomposition, repressive effects were much less than those in 0.2- and 10-day infusions, and stimulus effects were shown in the scope of less than 23 mg C l-1. Although each period has different concentration of infusions, when no-inhibition maximal concentration was considered in all decomposition periods, 0.2-day and 10-day decay with & A lt 9 and & A lt 2 milligram C l-1, severally, could bespeak higher inhibitory possible to command the growing of M. aeruginosa than 50-day and 100-day decay with 23 and 17 milligrams C l-1, severally. Likewise, growing per centum against control at maximal concentration each decay period showed similar form in malice of otherwise maximal concentrations. Overall, repressive ability was mostly increased in scope of more than approximately 30 milligrams C l-1 in all decay periods ( Figure 1 ) . In rye straw, suppression capableness from 0.2-day decay to 40-day decay increased harmonizing to decay clip through diminish of EC50 values ( Table 1 ) . Although suppression ability was diminished from 50-day decay infusion, suppression of M. aeruginosa growing increased until 150-day decay. Infusions of 40- and 150-day decay of rye straw had the highest repression capableness with 18.9 and 19.7 milligrams C l-1 of EC50 value, severally. Stimulus or repressive effects on the growing of M. aeruginosa coexisted in similar concentration of infusions from different decomposition clip ( Figure 1 ) . This phenomenon might give equivocal information to construe the repressive consequence by infusions from assorted decay phases. However, it was clear to demo positive relationships between extract concentration and repressive consequence, and perchance to bespeak that different substances from straws might be produced harmonizing to decay periods.Consequence of extract concentrations on the maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosaPercentage of maximal growing ( K ) and growing rate ( u ) of M. aeruginosa in each trial solution normalized by K and u in control was shown in Fig. 2, and three groups were differentiated by merely DOC concentration of infusions irrespective of decay periods low ( 2-10 milligram C l-1 ) , medium ( 11-30 milligram C l-1 ) , and high ( & gt 30 milligram C l-1 ) DOC. In rice straw, means ( SE ) of normalized K and U of M. aeruginosa were 102.5 ( 4.9 ) and 96.9 ( 2.9 ) in low DOC and 95.0 ( 11.1 ) and 102.1 ( 5.1 ) in medium DO C, severally, and there was no important remainder in K ( p=0.655 ) and u ( p=0.710 ) between low and medium DOC ( one-way ANOVA, n=13 ) . However, agencies ( SE ) of normalized K and U in high DOC were 20.4 ( 18.5 ) and 43.4 ( 21.9 ) , severally, and infusions in high DOC might incorporate strong suppression ability against both maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosa.In rye straw, there was important difference in K among three degrees ( one-way ANOVA, F2,25=22.386, P & A lt 0.001, station hoc Duncan, n=26, P & A lt 0.005 ) , but no important difference in U among three degrees ( one-way ANOVA, F2,25=0.664, p=0.524 ) . This rye infusion showed repressive consequence on maximal growing but non on growing rate. Means ( SE ) of normalized K and u were 106.3 ( 6.8 ) and 101.4 ( 5.5 ) in low DOC, 67.3 ( 8.8 ) and 111.5 ( 7.9 ) in medium DOC, and 33.9 ( 8.5 ) and 89.9 ( 20.6 ) in high DOC, severally.Change of features of infusions harmonizing to decomposition cl ipSUVA values versus decay periods each infusion were shown in Fig. 3. Those SUVA values were increased harmonizing to decay periods in both straws. It might place that features of infusion were altering during decomposition of straws, and both infusion could hold different stuffs. Slopes between decay clip and SUVA in rice and rye straw were 0.017 ( R2=0.63, P & gt 0.05 ) and 0.019 ( R2=0.93, P & A lt 0.01 ) , severally.DiscussionThis probe of time-course decomposition in rice and rye straws demonstrated that suppression capacity of infusions on the growing of M. aeruginosa increased with high concentration, whereas low concentration showed no-effect or stimulation for its growing in all decay periods. In rye straw, all infusions after 5-day decay showed higher suppression ( scorn EC50 values ) than 0.2-day decay ( Table 1, Fig. 1 ) . Particularly, infusion of 150-day decay along with 40-day had maximal suppressive consequence, and this consequence was similar to the survey of Gibson et Al. ( 1990 ) utilizing barley straw, which indicated that the repressive consequence was produced increasingly during the decomposition of the barley straw and reached a maximal after six months. However, the survey utilizing rice straw showed different forms, where the leachates of short-run decay were more effectual than that of long-run decay although limited factors for comparative experiment between rye and rice straw were existed such as deficit of decay continuance and narrow concentration scope of rice straw. The growing of M. aeruginosa in a bioassay experiment would be inhibited due to the chelation of food by the leachates or straw-secreted antialgal bioactive compounds. The former ground might be ruled out, because there were ample foods and hint elements for the growing of M. aeruginosa in the civilization medium and the stimulation of algal growing in lower concentrations of leachates could non be explained by chelation mechanism. Similarly, one of indispens able growing factors, such as vitamin B12, would be more likely to be produced by straw microflora so removed from solution ( Welch et al. , 1990 ) . For the latter ground, several surveies demonstrated that algal growing inhibited by straw-secreted antialgal substances was associated with the straw decomposition ( Gibson et al. , 1990 Pillinger et al. , 1994 Ridge and Pillinger, 1996 ) . Ridge and Barrett ( 1992 ) showed that the straw was active even at low concentrations against a scope of algae in natural Waterss including unicellular and filiform green algae and blue-green algae. The difference of lignin content between rye and rice straws could be contributed into different forms of algal suppression when considered that lignin content of rye straw was much more treble than that of rice straw ( lignin content 21 % in rye straw from Kocheva et al. , 2008 and 7 % in rice straw from Sun et al. , 2000 ) , although we did nt analyse lignin contents of our tried straws. Pillinger et Al. ( 1995 ) showed that lignin-enriched brown-rotted wood is repressive to both Chlorella and Microcystis to a greater extent than lignin-depleted white-rotted wood. As decomposition status in this survey, oxidization of straw may ease lignin solubilization and/or put forward toxicity of the solubilized materal ( Pillinger et al. , 1994 ) . Besides, lignin appears to be the most promising beginning of compounds like the methoxyphenols ( Ridge et al. , 1995 ) . Methoxyphenols every bit good as quinones, used theoretical accounts for oxidised phenolic compounds, have shown antialgal activity against Microcystis ( Pillinger et al. , 1994 ) . Other phytotoxic compounds such as ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were found both in cold-water infusions of the straw of barley, rye, wheat, and in alcoholic infusions of their roots ( Borner, 1960 ) , and in rice straw ( Rice 1984 Inderjit et Al. 1995 Chung et Al. 2001 ) .The ground demoing otherwise repressive activity during straw debasement would probably be due to the continuum of production, the accretion of stubborn fraction and the chemical regeneration from assorted allelochemicals. As an application of an algae-growth inhibitor, adopted straws would undergo aging, decease, and decomposition in aquatic ecosystem. Under these conditions, plant-induced allelochemicals may be excreted or degraded continuously, be piled up into H2O columns, and besides contribute to the pool of organic affair in the aquatic ecosystem. These plant-derived allelochemicals contribute the formation of humic substances. SUVA can give information about the extent of aromacity of DOM related with humification. Increase of inclines between SUVA and decay periods in tried straws might ensue from the formation of stuffs such as humic substances harmonizing to decay periods and the gradational increasing of fractious fraction instead than reactive one ( Fig. 2 ) . Chemical construction of straw infusions can b e changed during biological and chemical decomposition, i.e. , labile fractions might be much more easy degraded than stubborn 1s ( Fig. 2 ) . For illustration, SUVA, an index of aromatic C content, has been shown to be negatively correlated with perishable DOC ( Kalbitz et al. , 2003 ) . However, qualitative style and each specific consequence on the algal growing from decayed infusions remain to be studied. Although specific chemicals may be needed to be identified for the ecologically and environmentally safe options of Restoration, interactive consequence by combination of several chemicals might be considered ( Park et al. , 2006 ) . short-term extraction from straws might lose out the opportunity to happen much better option, since this survey showed that infusions were chemically changed due to debasement and changed infusions showed different ability to suppress both maximal growing and growing rate of M. aeruginosa. Conversely, the significantly algicidal chemical might b e missed from infusions of low concentration demoing stimulus consequence on M. aeruginosa growing in this survey. Particularly, notable would be the observation to demo the different form about the suppression of maximal growing and growing rate between rice and rye straw infusions ( Fig. 2 ) , and nevertheless, these physiological features might be remained to be elucidated.Although all tested workss showed the suppression of algal growing in this survey, before works leachates incorporating allelochemicals are applied to command algal growing, the addition of the organic affair by leachates in the lakes or rootages demands to be considered. The importance of the control of organic affair is beyond difference in the H2O quality direction and research lab consequences should be extrapolated to the field with cautiousness.DecisionAll extracts with high concentration expressed by DOC showed repressive consequence on the growing of M. aeruginosa, and the 40-day infusion from rye stra w indicated most effectual 1 with the lowest EC50 value of 18.9 mgC l-1. It was found that the extract concentration of rice straw had negative relationship with the maximal growing and growing rate, whereas rye straw showed negative relationship between the extract concentration and the lone maximal growing of M. aeruginosa. Through UV optical density, features of infusions should be changed due to debasement of straws, and this alteration might be linked with their repressive ability on the growing of M. aeruginosa. However, increasing DOC as unexpected pollutants every bit good as extrapolation of research lab plants into field status should be considered anterior to using infusions from straws as an option for Restoration technique.MentionsBarrett, P.R.F. , 1994. Field and laboratory experiments on the effects of barley straw on algae. 1994 BCPC monograph No.59 comparison greenhouse & A field pesticide public presentation II pp.191-200.Barrett, P.R.F. , Curnow, J.C. , Littlejoh n, J.W. , 1996. The control of diatom and cyanophyte blooms in reservoirs utilizing barley straw. Hydrobiologia 340, 307-311.Borner, H. , 1960. Liberation of organic substances from higher workss and their function in the dirt infirmity job. Bot. Rev. 26, 393-424.Chesson, A. , Stewart, C.S. , Wallace, R.J. , 1982. Influence of works phenolic acids on growing and cellulolytic activity of first stomachs bacteriums. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44, 597-603.Chung, I.M. , Ahn, J.K. and Yun, S.J. ( 2001 ) Appraisal of allelopathic potency of barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crus-galli ) on rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) cultivars. crease Prot 20, 921-928.Cooper, J.A, Pillinger, J.M. , Ridge, I. , 1997. Barley straw inhibits growing of some aquatic saprolegniaceous Fungis. Aquaculture 156, 157-163.Everall, N.C. , Lees, D.R. , 1996. The usage of barley-straw to command general and bluish green algal growing in a Derbyshire reservoir. Wat. Res. 30, 269-276.Everall, N.C. , Lees, D.R. , 1997. The designa tion and significance of chemicals released from break uping barley straw during reservoir algal control. Wat. Res. 31, 614-620.Gibson, M.T. , Welch, I.M. , Barrett, P.R.F. , Ridge, I. , 1990. Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growing II research lab surveies. journal of Applied Phycology 2, 241-248.Hussein, A.S.M. , 1982. Algicidal belongingss of Acacia nilotica. Fitoterapia 53, 175-177.Inderjit, K.M.M. Dakshini, and F.A. Einhellig ( explosive detection systems ) , 1995. Allelopathy Organisms, Processes, and Applications. ACS Symposium Series 582. Washington, DC American Chemical Society.Kalbitz K, Schmerwitz J, Schwesig D, Matzner E ( 2003a ) . Biodegradation of soil-derived dissolved organic affair as related to its belongingss. Geoderma 113273-291L.S. Kocheva, A.P. Karmanov, M.V. Mironov, V.A. Belyi, V.Yu. Belyaev, Yu.B. Monakov, 2008. Straw Lignins hydrodynamic and Conformational Properties of the Macromolecules. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 81 ( 11 ) 2033-2039.Ne wman, J.R. , Barrett, P.R.F. , 1993. Control of Microcystis aeruginosa by break uping barley straw. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 31, 203-206.Park, M.H. , Han, M.S. , Ahn, C.Y. , Kim H.S. , Yoon, B.D. and Oh, H.M. 2006. Growth suppression of bloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa by rice straw infusion, Letters in Applied Microbiology 43 307-312.Pillinger, J.M. , Gilmour, I. , Ridge, I. , 1995. Comparison of anti-algal activity of brown-rotted and white-rotted wood and in situ analysis of lignin. J. Chem. Ecol. 24, 1113-1120.Pillinger, J.M, Cooper, J.A. , Ridge, I. , 1994. Role of phenolic compounds in the antialgal activity of barley straw. J. Chem. Ecol. 20, 1557-1569.Pillinger, J.M. , 1993. Algal control by barley straw. Ph D Thesis, Department of Biology, The Open University, Milton Heynes. U.K. cited in The control of diatom and cyanophyte blooms in reservoirs utilizing barley straw. Barrett, P.R.F. , Curnow, J.C. , Littlejohn, J.W. , 1996. Hydrobiologia 340, 307-311. P illinger, J.M. , Cooper, J.A. , Ridge, I. , Barrett, P.R.F. , 1992. Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growing III the function of fungous decomposition. Journal of Applied Phycology 4, 353-355.Rice, E.L. , 1984. Allelopathy. Academic Press, London. p. 422.Ridge, I. , Pillinger, J.M. , 1996. Towards understanding the nature of algal inhibitors from barley straw. Hydrobiologia 340, 301-305.Ridge, I. , Barrett, P.R.F. , 1992. Algal control with barley straw. Aspects of Applied Biology 29, 457-462.Ridge, I. , J. Pillinger, and J. Walters, 1995. Relieving the jobs of inordinate algal growing. In The Ecological Basis for River Management. Wiley, Chichester. cited in The designation and significance of chemicals released from break uping barley straw during reservoir algal control. Everall, N.C. and D.R. Lees, 1997. Wat. Res. 31 ( 3 ) 614-620. Sun, R. , J. Tomkinson, F.C. Mao and X.F. Sun, 2000. Physicochemical word picture of lignins from rice straw by H peroxide intervention. Journal of Applied Polymer learning 79 ( 4 ) 710-732.Thurman, E.M. , 1985. Organic geochemistry of natural Waterss. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 51.Welch, I.M. , P.R.F. Barrett, M.T. Gibson and I. Ridge, 1990. Barley straw as an inhibitor of algal growing I surveies in the Chesterfield Canal. Journal of Applied Phycology 2 231-239.Yamane, A.N. , M. Okada and R. Sudo, 1984. The growing suppression of planktonic algae due to wetting agents used in rinsing agents. Wat. Res. 18 ( 9 ) 1101-1105.

Karl Marx and Old Major

Karl Marx confided that the policies of the government should be controlled by the lowest working class earlier than the upper middle class. The first step on the path to the workers revolution is the elevation of the proletariat to the position of ruling class (Dictatorship of the Proletariat). As the animals was the labor community of the farm they should command, acquiring rid of Man, and the produce of our labor would be our own (Orwell 7). Just like Karl Marx, Old Major also believe that a community should be ruled by those who work for it, not the upper middle class.The power concentrated in the hands of the minority was getting in the way of the development of communism. The theory of communism may be summed up in one sentence abolish all private dimension (Chapter II. Proletarians and Communists). Their lives was simple, The animals were born and given serious so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those who ar capable of it are hale to work to the l ast atom of their strength (Orwell 6). The majority works on behalf of a minority, this small piece grows while the overall decays, the labor of the animals it isnt in their favor, Mr. Jones takes advantages of them just like the capitalism system. In a socialist society, everyone would receive an equal amount of goods. In unfavorable judgment of the Gotha Programme, Karl Marx said From each, according to his ability, to each, according to his need (Critique of the Gotha Programme).Manor farm would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep- and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are at once almost beyond their imagination (Orwell 7). In the farm, the animals were underfeed in a land where everybody could eat properly as Marx and Old Major believes every goods should be evenly divided. Karl Marx wanted the equality between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. Rachel McHenry wrote about his theories, It was also Marxs belief that before complete equalit y could take place there must be a dominance of the proletariats.The dictatorship of the former lower class will last for a short while, this being necessary for orders sake. (Encountering Communism The Theories of Karl Marx). Man serves the by-line of no creature except himself, no one should be submissive to another. And among the animals let there be perfect unity (Orwell 10) In Animal farm, Karl Marx ideas are mirrored by Old Major ideas, the union of the lower classes is the power of change.

‘Explore the nature of love in the extasie’: John Donne poetry analysis Essay

In his poem, The Extasie, John Donne describes his own attainment of a state of ecstasy (literally meaning, to stand outside of starself), finished his physical and spiritual proximity to his lover.In his earliest work (for example Elegie To his Mistris Going to Bed, and The Flea) which could be loosely termed his lust poetry Donnes focus tends to be on (or at least around) the sexual act and the beauty of the human (and more particularly the feminine) form, whilst in his later work (such as his Holy Sonnets) he explores religion and death, this poem falls into the transitory phase of what could be termed Donnes love poetry (for example, The Good Morrow).Characteristically then, the main focus of The Extasie is his love for a specific woman (as opposed to women in general, or rather, any random woman as is the case in his lust poems), and how this love is so primordial that it leads to a platonic extasie. In the first stanza, the tranquillity of the setting is established, with the imagery of a pillow on a bed, a reclining head, suggesting relaxation, and the contestation Sat we two, one a nonhers best, suggesting serenity and the intimacy of the lovers.This continues into the subsequent stanza with the elegant, and yet deeply intense image of Our eye-beames twisted, and did thred Our eyes, upon one double string, which apart from spotlight the app arnt totality of their absorption in one another, also alludes the contemporaneous belief that sight constituted eye-beames being emitted from ones eyes and illume your surroundings. In the 4th stanza, Donne starts to bring in more explicitly the spiritual union that begins to manifest out of the physical intimacy.Initially it may seem as if he is attempting to upset the otherwise peaceful setting, by introducing elements of conflict into in the line, As twixt two equall Armies, Fate Suspends uncertaine victorie. However, if you take into account the fact that the use of epic military metaphors in relation to love is a common poetic motif (and was even more so in Donnes time), it becomes clear that this is not the case, and that the intended effect is more to highlight the fact that the lovers are eqaull in the relationship, and to link this simile to their souls hanging in the air, twixt her, and mee.Moreover, the mood that their souls Were gone out, to come out their state, is suggestive of Donnes neo-platonic philosophy, and the idea of two souls, blending together to form an indivisible and perfect hybrid as can be seen in the line, he knew not which soul spake, Because both meant, both spake the same, demonstrating the complete understanding union mingled with the two.The line (all which before was poore, and scant,) Redoubles still, and multiplies, goes on to suggest the idea that the souls reinforce each others weaknesses, whilst the line, That abler soule, which thence doth flow, Defects of loneliness controulles, continues this concept, showing the perfection of the able r soul, by highlighting the absence of any defects, even one such as loneliness, which are innate human response to certain situations.This leads on to the idea that the defect of mortality is also absent, and that the union is eternal as evident in the line For, thAtomies of which we grow, Are soules, whom no change can invade. These ideas all derive from the Platos concept of the Forms, in which it is theorised that for all(prenominal) material thing, a perfect form of it exists, of which the material form is merely a pale shadow or imitation.For Donne, it is the transcendence and perfection of the love between himself and the woman, that leads to their transition to a higher state (their Extasie is by love refind). Furthermore, the mingling of their souls which follows on from the extasie, has a purifying effect, unperplex(ing) them, and resulting in him part(ing) farre purer than he came Donne realises in this poem, that intellectual and emotional intimacy that he experiences transcends bodily love, and that it was not sexe, but rather something beyond the physical world.In addition to this, Donne brings in the theme of alchemy to his showing of love something common throughout much of his poetry and generally during that period. Indeed, he presents love as the alchemist in the union of the souls Love, these mixt soules, doth mixe again, and makes both one, each this and that imbuing it with the power to metamorphose and transmute souls. This is also evoked in relation to the eubstance in the 14th stanza Nor are drosse to us, but allay in which he describes the body as being an alloy that strengthens the soul.This distinction between body and soul is also very Platonic however, the way that the body is presented here, differs greatly from Platos attitude to it, and from the presentation of the body previously in the poem. For example, in the fifth stanza, sepulchrall statues, suggests a certain irrelevance and a lack of the vivacity of the soul , whilst the transcendence of the soul over the body, and the idea that, Theyare ours, though theyare not wee, Wee are Thintelligences, they are the spheare, objectifies the bodies as a mere inanimate vessel, subservient to the intellect.However, as Donne does go on to admit, We owe them thankes, as the initial physical intimacy was, all our meanes to make us one, and without their forces, sense to us, the union of their souls through their love, would never cave in occurred. essentially then, Donne sets up the idea that in fact the body has its own intrinsic value upon which the soul is dependent, whilst going to describe that in fact, the body, which in pique of trying to beget Spirits, as like soules as it can, in order to govern itself, begins to fail without the presence of the soul (That subtile knot, which makes us man.Essentially then, the conclusion would appear to be that body and soul are interdependent, and whilst it is clear that Donne ultimately values spiritual lov e over bodily love (perceiving the body as a prison, in which a great Princelies), he accepts the ones reliance on the other, as after his experience of Extasie, he realises that in fact it matters little, as there is, Small change, when weare to bodies gone.

Crimes: Crime and Robert K. Merton Essay

Many researchers agree that, in the United States, most arrests for street crime involve people of deject class position. Why, according to Robert K. Merton, Albert Cohen, Walter Miller, and Elijah Anderson, would this be the case? How would a broader definition of crime (to include more white collar and corporate offenses) change the profile of the ordinary criminal?Robert Merton, Albert Colman, Walter Miller, and Elijah Anderson all agree that people of lower class commit most street crimes, because they are limited in their means to achieve their heathen goal of financial success.They lack proper schooling parental guidance and job opportunities that are available in upper class societies. Therefore, they cannot conform to the received means by which to achieve the Cultural goal of getting rich so they use unconventional means, Selling drugs and thievery, which means jail time.Albert Cohen who was a scholarly person of Merton believes that in many urban cities youths create s ub-cultures. Groups of youths that is determined by who is feared more on the streets. They are delinquents who act out on impulse and do not think of what consequences there actions entrust bring and who are only loyal to themselves. Walter Miller lends into the theory of delinquency by defining it as having a destiny for excitement and a search for thrills.These ties in to Elijah Anderson who believes that jail is very likely for youths that adopt a Street Code which means to stand up and be able to take care of ones self by any means necessary.A broader definition of crime to include more white-collar and corporate offences will not change the profile of the typical criminal because society has a wide range of definitions for the behavior and actions of criminals. The definitions of crimes however should include the Social Status of a person and or group with legitimate reasons or circumstances for committing that crime.

The Kite Runner Summary

The kite runner An alternate book based in Pakistan in which a family consisting of a rich man and his son trigger off to America during the wartime circa 1970. Characters Amir the narrator and moderately main character in the book. Baba Amirs father and also one of the main characters in the book Hassan Amirs servant and somewhat best friend Ali Babas servant and also somewhat best friend Setting The play has generally two settings. The world-class being in the first half of the book in the homeland if Ali, Al Wazir and the second being the second half of the book in America.Identity relationships life partners /romantic relationships. Amirs relationship with sprays is a significant turning point in the novel. A series of changes be accompanying this romance shared between the two characters. Amirs relocation to San Francisco, with many opposite Afghan exiles, is the setting for the relationship. Also, the responder gains an insight into Afghan cultural practices, as the court ing process is explored. Impact of settings Once Amir and baba move to America, there riles are somewhat reversed.Baba is forced to work in a petrol station, whereas in Kabul, he was a wealthy, influential industrialist. Babas struggle is also a change deep down his character, he is no longer the strong individual that is present in the Part of One novel. Gender Inequality Amir discovers that Soraya has had sexual relationships outside of marriage. indoors afghan culture, this is shameful and it would be very difficult for parents to find an appropriate husband for their daughter. Amirs WritingSeeing as Amir is a projection of Khaled Hossieni himself, it is worthwhile assessing Amirs progression as an author. The process begins with his earliest stories (that we leave to Hassan and Rahim Kahn) to the point at which Amir is welcomed to american publishing houses. Area of study Remember that you will need to explore the apprehension of identity in your creative piece. A good idea w ould be to consider the ways in which people form a sense of identity. learn areas could include Culture Relationships Physical environment Religion Ethnicity Vocation A passion or interest

Risks and Responsibilities of Coaching

The purpose of this paper is to look at the commonwealth of risk wariness with de nonation to the sport of swimming. at that place is no doubt that the ability to anticipate any types of injury to athletes is of the ut around importance. The safety of the athletes should in that locationfore be the primary concern of both facility managers and coaches. By operative together, superstarness would hope, that each unnecessary injuries could be prevented. One of the or so s constantlye injuries that do-nothing occur is that of a spinal anesthesia injury.The ara of prevention that addresses this production is that of spinal injury charge and it go forth be looked at more closely later in this paper. Even with all told the otiose emphasis in this day and age on safety issues, these kinds of injuries are still farther in like manner prevalent. In 1996, Michael Berger and Judith Middleton state that in the United Kingdom, in that respect are around 40,000 children each y ear that bewilder from head injuries. Some of these individuals will have received severe injuries, in that they will have been unconscious(p) for at least 20 proceedings and so will most likely have suffered conceiver damage.The sport of swimming has the obvious danger of drowning. There are also possible risks of spinal injuries ca employ by collisions with the floor of the pussycat, the walls in the pool and new(prenominal) swimmers. Many opposite injuries can be the prove of a slippery blow out of the irrigate or training equipment not invently stored away. There is also a risk of injury from the chemicals which are present at a pool such as chlorine. Aquatic injury prevention should be part of any facilities risk management program.Risk management involves identifying and reducing stark conditions that can ca mathematical function injuries and financial loss. Thus, the aim of a risk management is in a way a kind of preventative medicine, to tackle the issue of a pr oblem thus ensuring that those kinds of accidents will not occur. There are some that would contend that those individuals that suffer an injury are unfortunate victims of circumstance. Many injuries can be avoided through an understanding of the factors that can cause injuries to occur and then a knowledge of how to go about preventing such situations to occur.Charles Bucher and March Krotee (1998) beg off that on that point is an added risk in any physical education exercise as opposed to a well-ordered class because the children are moving around and not sitting in a chair. The hiring of competent, qualified and certified employees in crucial not only for the planning scarce also for the conducting and supervising of activities. By do these simple efforts, the risk of injury can be minimized. Not only should the ply be up to par but also any equipment apply as well as the facility being as safe as it could be. only coaches need to have fully up to date certificates and li censes. only necessary measures need to be taken to prevent any injuries from occurring and the correct level of supervision is crucial. Bucher and Krotee explain that the coach is required to act promptly in per claying first aid and CPR and nothing more. Coaches should always show all necessary levels of attending in their professional activities. The American reddish hybridise (1995) suggest that by understanding how injuries are caused, this will help prevent them from occurring by increasing the provides alertness of risks and hazards, helping sponsors to avoid groundless behavior and developing an attitude of safety at your facility.The Institute of Swimming Teachers and Coaches (April 1997) explain that by identifying not only what is a potential hazard but also assessing their risk level, and then evaluating whether or not all necessary precautions have been taken, this should help to prevent anyone getting injured. The ISTC, were not only referring to swimmers as pot ential victims but also to coaches, teachers, lifeguards, cleaning faculty and receptionists. gibe to Bucher and Krotee, there is no doubt in todays society that there are ever more increasing cases of teachers, coaches, schools and teams being sued in court.It seems as though lawyers are readily available, also the public are becoming much more alive(predicate) of their rights, as far as what they should be protected from a safety standpoint. It is suggested that the risk of intelligent exertion can be minimized by avocation some simple steps. Collecting all pertinent facts about the health of your athletes. Purchasing only the best equipment form the most reputable dealers and acquiring used equipment from companies renowned for high lineament reconditioned merchandise.Not laying the blame of an injury on anyone verbally but by sustenancefully wording the exact spirit of the injury and the preceding events on an accident report. Good supervision and instruction in very im portant. An parking brake action plan should be drawn up, rehearsed and be ready to be activated at a moments notice. all necessary insurance precaution should be taken. Perhaps this is the most cheering defense for a coach. According to the United States Swimming, Inc. 1998 Insurance Summary, all swimmers registered with United States Swimming are covered by the USS Insurance policy as yearn as the injury suffered by the member was received during an approved activity under the policy. All USS swimmers are covered when they are participating in competitions, meets or events sponsored or sanctioned by USS, participating in organized, scheduled practice sessions and in organized, supervised travel to and from sponsored and sanctioned events or organized, supervised practice sessions.Anthony McCaskey and Kenneth Biedzynski (1996) explain that coaches are those principally the defendants in law suits as it is generally agreed that coaches have the most control of those individuals in their respective sports. A coach whitethorn be put absent if he does not follow his duty to conform to a standard conduct that protects others from unreasonable risk of harm. Participants are termed as either those directly or indirectly under the control of the coach.Case law demonstrates that coaches responsibilities allow supervision, training and instruction, safe usage of all equipment, provided high quality assistants, warning of potential dangers, providing prompt and correct medical care, preventing injuries to competing athletes. The American Red chase (1993) explain that casings are becoming a concern for those giving care. accordingly in the case of an emergency, the lifeguards and coaches are becoming increasingly apprehensive about giving care to victims of injuries.The American Red Cross suggests that by being aware of some basic legal principles, individuals may lessen the chances that they may later be found to be negligent in some area or another(prenominal ). All lifeguards have a duty to care. That is, they are legally bound to provide care to a injured ships company if the giving of such care is laid out in their job description. The rescuer should follow a reasonable standard of care and failure to do so may result in a chance of being found negligent. The Good Samaritan Laws protect anyone giving care as long as they are not negligent and they act in good faith.Consent should always be obtained from the individual. If the victim is an adult and they refuse care, one must(prenominal) not force care upon them. In the case of a child, the consent must be obtained form a parent or guardian. whatsoever victim that is either unconscious or humiliated is assumed to shed implied consent as it is assumed that if that person were fully aware of their predicament, they would accept the care that was offered. To obtain consent, the rescuer must identify themselves to the victim, give their level of training, explain what could be wrong a nd explain what care is planned.Once care is begun, a rescuer cannot stop giving care until advanced medical professional arrive at the scene. Confidentiality must also be observed. Only the facility or team spokesperson may speak to attorneys or the media . A rescuer should only speak with law enforcement officers and the rescue squad when it arrives. Finally, record keeping is essential. The documentation is considered to be almost as important as the care itself. Bucher and Krotte (1998) state that coaches and instructors are expected to carry out their activities with all necessary levels of care.If this is not the case, then they are leaving themselves open to a potential lawsuit filed against them for negligence. There is a requirement for the coach or instructor to take protective measures. Failure to do so will result in a lawsuit. In Roth versus New York (1942), all necessary measures were taken and a bather drowned after walking into deep water. There was nothing to stop t his happening. The state was found to be liable. Bucher and Krotee explain that the failure to supervise correctly is the most commonly litigated situation.By having alert lifeguards and coaches, a facility can seriously reduce to chances of injuries occurring. According to the American Red Cross (1995), in force(p) surveillance has four elements. The ability to recognize the ways in which a drowning or distressed swimmer coiffure in the pool. An example of this would be that a swimmers would have rhythmic breathing, relatively coordinated movements, have a horizontal body position and be fashioning recognizable forward progress in the water. In contrast a distressed swimmer would be breathing but also be career for help, waving and be making very little forward progress in the water, if any at all.A passive drowning victim would be substantially different to a swimmer. A Passive drowning victim would not be breathing, have no arm or leg movement, could be face guttle near the surface or in a submerged position and so obviously would be making no forward motion in the pool. Appropriate scanning techniques should also be employed to locate swimmers having problems in the pool. Lifeguards should be carefully and strategically placed throughout the facility. Each lifeguard should be fully aware of their responsibilities.Coaches are responsible for teaching swimmers all necessary skills to compete, the correct procedures to reduce the risks of injury and making sure that their swimmers are physically break enough to compete. The failure to provide adequate training or instruction to reduce the risk of injury has been a commonly cited reason in fresh litigation. Supervision is absolutely critical when the consequences of depriving the body of oxygen are considered. Soon after breathing stops, then in like manner will the heart. later six minutes or so, brain damage is possible.Between six and ten minutes without breathing, brain damage is likely. If breat hing is stopped for more than ten minutes, usually the brain damage is irreversible. Thus it is very important to be aware of the varying depths of water within the pool. In this way it is much easier to name sure that the children do not wander into water which is too deep for them. Also, this could help prevent spinal injuries from occurring by making patrons aware of when and where in the pool it is considered safe to dive. Without doubt, patron surveillance is one of the most important parts of a risk management strategy.The Certified Pool performer (Fall 1997) states that it is very important to regulate the use of pools, by watching children and though constant supervision of the pool. The Institute of Swimming Teachers and Coaches (April 1997) mentioned that in some pools there may be blind spots resulting from the place of features, glares and reflections. All of these factors can hinder surveillance and so through careful planning, these problems should be attempted to b e eliminated by strategic placing of lifeguards. This comes directly under the realms of a good risk management program.According to the Certified Pool manipulator (Fall 1997), it is critical to identify areas of the pool that become slippery when wet. These range from the push downwards itself to corridors pencil lead to and from the pool, locker rooms and snack areas. Communication can be used as a tool for helping to prevent injury and so is considered another gear in the engine of risk management. Patrons need to be made aware of potentials for injury. They also need to be educated as to the risks from inappropriate behavior. All rules and regulations necessary for the prevention of injuries need to be forcibly enforced.Signs are needed to warn pool users of danger areas. Since spinal injuries are more common in individuals visiting facilities for the first term and so are unaware of change areas. The side of the pool itself demand to be mark both on the deck it self and on the side of the wall facing the water to warn swimmers in the pool as to the changing depth of the water that they are in. In addition to signs depicting No Diving and the depth of the water, facility rules and regulations should also be clearly displayed. Running should never take place around the pool. As the side of the pool gets wet, it become treacherous.Signs should be posted prohibiting to consumption of food and drinks in and around the pool. There is the obvious potential for injury from broken crackpot on the pool deck or in the pool from bottles that are accidental dropped on the pool side. Pool rules are not designed to prevent the patrons from having fun but more so to allow them to have fun in a hopefully relatively risk free environment. The pool rules should be displayed clearly on the wall of the pool. There are many considerable examples of pool rules, on would be that go down is only permitted in diving designated areas.The deck take to be checked daily for loose floor materials. There is also a risk for standing water on the deck itself. All such findings should be immediately reported to the facility manager. The deck should be kept clear of equipment and anything else that could be a potential hazard. The American Red Cross (1992) recommends that in areas where the water is less than five feet deep, there should be signs clearly stating Danger-Shallow Water- No Diving. It is suggested that these signs are close to the edge of the pool in distinguish colors to the pool deck.If starting blocks are removable, they should be during recreational periods and should be stored in a safe location. If they are not easily removable, then they should be coned off or clearly marking as out of use to recreational swimmers. All kick boards and pull buoys should be stored away in their correct location and not left strewn about the pool deck. Any item left on the pool deck is a hazard. Any risk management program would include keeping the deck c lear of obstructions. The American Red Cross (1988) states that all rescue and first aid equipment should inspected on a regular basis.This equipment should also be easily accessible. Any piece of equipment that is found to be damaged in any way should be removed, repaired or replaced immediately. Following an emergency, all equipment that is used should be replaced promptly. Other areas should also be checked on a regular basis, such as the showers, locker rooms and restrooms which should be kept clean and hazard free. Coaches are also responsible for taking all necessary measures to ensure that all equipment used by their swimmers is of an adequate standard.This issue is far more critical in a contact sport such as football where inadequate padding may lead to serious injury. Anyone working with chlorine should wear protective clothing such as gloves, goggles and clothing covering the rest of the body to minimize the risks of chlorine coming in contact with the naked flesh. Chlori ne can enter the blood via absorption through the skin. Direct contact with the eyes can cause severe injuries. The American Red Cross (1995) terms chemical hazards as harmful or potentially harmful substances in and around the pool.Storage areas of chemicals should be clearly mark hence warning both staff and patrons of possible dangers. The doors to such storage areas should be kept locked. Any suspicious odors in these regions should be reported immediately. The American Red Cross (1992) recommend storing all chemicals and chemical testing kits in child proof containers and out of childrens reach. Every year many individuals are injured from diving related injuries. These injuries are usually caused by collisions with the bottom and sides of the pool.Thus it is of paramount importance that coaches and instructors take all precautions to prevent such injuries form occurring. Diving should not be taught unless all necessary safety equipment in readily available such as a back boar d and staff trained in spinal injury management are present. Coaches should make sure that all swimmers are educated in the obvious safety precautions. never dive when someone else is in the water in front of you. All dives should be of a flat nature. All swimmers should enter the water fingers first and not head first, thus helping to cushioning the blow should the swimmer crash into the floor if the pool.Never hold or position objects in the pool. A great example as to why it important to keep the diving area clear of obstructions is given(p) by the American Red Cross (1992), which referred to the case airman Brooks. One day, he dived into a pool and hit his head on an inner tube. He could remember laying face down in the water and being unable to move. Brooks, who once played college baseball, is now a C5 quadriplegic and will never walk again. The best protection against possible injuries is an informed, safety-conscious swimmer.The Certified Pool Operator (Fall 1997) stated t hat in a typical year there are about 400 events that result in a quadriplegic injury in aquatic environments. According to the CPO, a quarter of these occurred in pools. The article went onto explain that 95% of the pool related injuries occurred in the shallow ends of pools. Through careful supervision and discreet coaching, swimmers can be educated as to safe methods of entry into shallow water. The Swimming Times (1997) suggests that the depth of the water should be taken into account in relation to the ability and height of the pupils.Hence, none swimmers should not be taught in water that is ten feet deep and likewise, competitive swimmers should not be coached in shallow water. McCaskey and Biedzynski (1996) swimming incident rates come be totally eliminated if swimmers did not use racing dives into shallow water during practice or meets. According to McCaskey and Biedzynski, there has not been a direct injury in college swimming since a non-fatal one in 1982. The American R ed Cross (1995) reveals that sports related injuries account for 13% of all spinal injuries.These figures were derived from the National Spinal Cord Injuries Data Base. According to the American Red Cross, about 1000 people each year suffer spinal injuries from diving mishaps. The American Red Cross suggests the following ways to help prevent the occurrence of such injuries. The water depth should always be ascertained before entering. Only trained swimmers should be using the starting blocks. Coaches should be aware of these aspects and make sure they correctly supervise their swimmers during warm ups at competitions and at practice.All these measures mentioned so far in the paper appear to be obvious, but unless they are adhered to tightly then mishaps can occur. It is not outlay gambling with your swimmers health. If a suspected spinal injury occurs, then the area must be stabilized and immobilized. There are certain situations when a spinal injury must always be assumed to have occurred. It is always better to be safe than sorry. If proper precautions are not taken when condole with for injured victims, then that lack of risk management leaves the coach and facility open to legal action.A spinal injury should be assumed for any injury involving a diving board, diving into shallow water, a fall from a height greater than that of the victims height. Also any patent bumps or depressions to the head, altered consciousness or complaints of back or neck pain from the victim. In some cases, the victim may be face down in the water. Although, the victim should be moved as little as possible following a suspected spinal injury, in this situation, the victim needs to be removed form the water.If the victim is not removed, drowning will take place, the heart will stop and soon there after, brain damage will occur. The American Red Cross First Aid Manual (1993) explains that head injuries can rupture blood vessels in the brain causing pressure to pretend up leadin g to brain damage. The American Red Cross (1992) describes the typical recipient of a diving injury as a first time visitor to a location, not warned by a sign about the potential dangers, when lifeguards were not present and the water depth was less than four feet deep.Any good risk management program could dramatically reduce the risk of this kind of injury. By having vigilant lifeguards, water depths clearly marked and no diving signs clearly posted on the deck, most of the risk can be reduced. These are all components of a well rounded risk management program. Since most spinal injuries occur when a person dives into water less than five feet deep, on arriving at a pool, a coach should check the poolside for all relevant safety warnings and make his swimmers aware of this risks. The facility staff should also be highly alert at all times.All pools should have an emergency action plan. The EAP should explain exactly what procedure should be followed in the event of an aquatic eme rgency. The initiation of the EAP is the responsibility of the lifeguard. A typical signal to all pool patrons and staff is three long blows of a whistle. This would draw the attentions of the other pool patrons and then they would be more easily removed from the water for the protection of the victim. Also, other staff members throughout the building would be alerted of the EAP being activated.The next stage is to begin whatever rescue or emergency action that needs to be taken. After determining the nature and extent of the emergency, another lifeguard or staff member will call the police, fire or rescue squad as necessary. The emergency number is usually 911 but may vary from area to area. If the pool a which you coach is in a new area, it is your responsibility to make sure that you are fully aware of the number to call in the event of an emergency. The required first aid should be continued be given to the victim until advanced medical care arrives.Once care is commenced, it ca nnot be withdrawn, if it is, this constitutes abandonment which is a liable situation. Once advanced medical care arrives, all necessary accident reports are filled and the aid in crowd control. More often than not, only one person is designated as the spokesperson for a facility. This person and this person only is allowed to talk to anyone except for the police and the rescue squad. The Institute of Swimming Teachers and Coaches (April 1997) explains that whether or not a pool operator believes that his pool is a high or low risk facility, it is essential to have an emergency action plan.According to the ISTC, an emergency is anything considered to of danger to a bather or employee. The following all come under that general description. Overcrowding is a situation where too many people are in a confined area. This could be fatal in a swimming pool. A good risk management program would outline maximum numbers for a pool. These levels would be define well below that of over crowdin g, hopefully eliminating this risk. Disorderly behavior is also a common cause of emergencies. With vigilant surveillance and firm enforcing of pool rules and regulations, this too could be eliminated as a risk.Lack of water uncloudedness will occur when the chemical levels in pool be out of balance. This too is a liability. If a child dives into water which he assumes to be deep but is in fact shallow, this could lead to a lawsuit. Especially because of the fact that the water clarity may have directly affected that childs judgement. The ISTC explains that as a coach, it is your responsibility to know how to raise the alarm, how to get help form other staff members, how to initiate the appropriate rescue, who should summon the emergency services and so on.Qualified lifeguards are trained to act as a team in the case of an emergency, thus it is crucial for a coach or instructor to be able to contribute positively to an emergency situation. The Institute of Swimming Teachers and Coa ches (May 1997) states that teachers and coaches must be trained in what to do in the case of an emergency and in turn should make the pupils understand and be aware of the procedures involved in the EAP. The pupils needs to know where to congregate in case of an emergency and possibly if they will be required to stand near a particular gate to attract the attention of the advanced medical care when it arrives.The Institute of Swimming Teachers and Coaches (1996) stated that 93% of the schools in a survey had a formal emergency action plan. Two schools stated that they did not have one. Most of the schools in this survey had had swimming as part of their curriculum for more than six years. Coaches and other facility staff should go through regular in service days to rehearse emergency procedures. The emergency action plan should be rehearsed most importantly. For this procedure is what could make the difference between life and death for a victim.In service training should cover th e following points review the potential hazards at the facility, review and update rules and regulations, practice the emergency action plan , practice rescue skills, carry out physical conditioning. Following an emergency, an accident report needs be filled out by the members of staff involved. The facility information such as address and phone number. Personal data of the injured party should also be included name, age, sex, address. The location of the incident should be included as well as the a description of the incident.It is very important to include what care was provided was medical attention welcomed by the victim or refused? All of these issues are very important as law suits are far too prevalent in this day and age. Remember, consent must be obtained from the victim. To obtain this, the care provider must identify himself to the victim, give his level of training, explain what he thinks is wrong and then explain what he plans to do. If the victim refuses care, the care provider must try to convince the victim to receive care. According to the American Red Cross (1993), record keeping is nearly as important as the actual care given.The record is a legal document and is vital if legal action is taken. Risk management is an important function of a sport program. A coach should be fully aware of all legal and ethical responsibilities that come with his position. Any form of negligence on his or her behalf resulting in increased risks of injury can lead to the increased chances of legal action. Risk management is not only concern with limiting the chance of injuries being suffered but also reducing the chances of financial losses following such an incident.Coaches Quarterly (1998) states that effective in 1998, all United States Swimming coaches must have the following qualifications Safety Training for Swim Coaches, First Aid and CPR. The Certified Pool Operator (1997) blames the individuals for their careless behavior. According to the article, po ols are becoming safer. The main reasons for injuries today are victims carelessness. In a perfect world no one would need to know rescue techniques. Everyone would be careful, and safety would not be a problem. But ours is not a perfect world.Because of dangerous situations, careless or carefree people, and changing water conditions, many dangers are in and around water. Risk management in a pool environment is basically concerned with aquatic injury prevention. A highly developed risk management program will substantially reduce the risks of injury. By understanding how injuries are caused, one can better prevent them. Effective communication with patrons is critical for helping to prevent injuries. Through this communication, the patrons can have fun in a safer environment.

Patriotic Sentiment in the Interwar Essay

The creation of the British Empire and its contributions to the welfare of its colonies was used by many a(prenominal) status historians as a initiation of justification for its earthly concern and future. Needless to say, many English historians would naturally put the British Empire as the empire that aspired for assimilation and multi heathenishism, which had been absent in preceding(prenominal) empires (although this is debatable) (Aldrich 198824). Added to that, because of the perceived inferiority of the colonized peoples, many of these historians usually attached to the white man the significant role of guardian (Aldrich 198825).In recent years however, this vox populi of racial superiority was replaced by the principles of equality and self-determinations. This was in lieu of the increasing surge of patriotic sentiments of the colonized peoples and a general compromise of the colonial powers everywhere the future of the former colonies, as mandated by the unite Nati ons. Modern English historians, while continuing to justify the existence and foundation of the British Empire, admitted any(prenominal) of the mistakes and dense errors usually attributed to the British Empire.Nonetheless, they argued that these mistakes were committed out of necessity. Other colonial powers were greedily aspiring to replace Britain in its role as a superpower. Germany for instance, before the plan of attack of the First World War, was building a powerful navy to replace Britain as a sea power. France was busy eyeing British colonies in Central Africa for its testify exploitation. In short, the errors committed by owing(p) Britain to its colonies were a result of self-defense.Added to that, in order for the colonies to benefit from British colonial rule, the colonized peoples would affirm to sacrifice almost of their outdated or primitive institutions and adopt institutions that are characterized by energy and commitment to public service. These justificati ons made by English historians on the role and future of the British Empire were imbued in the study of history. History as a Tool for Application of Theoretical Knowledge The use of history to justify the existence and foundation of the British Empire was not born out of prejudice or unsubstantiated truths.In fact, early English historians noted that history should be as scientific as possible in order to represent the admittedly nature of world events. Added to that, these English historians viewed history as an application prick for upgrading the political, social, and economic systems of the world today. Specifically, knowledge of the end of the British Empire would naturally pave to greater solidarity and understanding between former colonies and the mother seery (the colonizer) that they have a common history, and to some extent similar social, economic, and political structures.Although for the common viewer this might seem a little idealistic and devoid of historic verifi cation, this was the practical side of the scientific discipline of history, if we accord them to these English historians. Thus, the extensive use of history as a slam for the political understanding of countries with a common history was the result of theoretical justification of English historians on the existence and rule of the British Empire to about a large helping of the Earths population.This was though a problem for many local historians in the former colonies. They extensively used history as a tool for demonizing their colonial oppressors the justification of independence movements and revolutions. This dialectic aspect of history, depending on the one who views it, disoriented historical data, making the discipline of history itself the vantage point of hesitancy (Aldrich, 2000). Herein, we shall examine the various practices that were incorporated in a large, common society.Nonetheless, we shall also examine power relations between the mother outlandish and its col onies as strong as the issue of tolerance and cultural differences. Cultural Toleration in the British Empire When Eng republic finally defeated France and Spain in a series of colonial wars, it was able to establish colonies in North America and Asia (Africa was not the target of colonization since it was viewed as an inhabitable and inhospitable continent although commercial bases were established to streamline trade and commerce with other European powers) (Baldwin, 2007).England was able to acquire Malacca from the Portuguese in the latter half of the 16th century. India and Canada fell into the hands of the British after Frances defeat in the Seven Years War (called French and Indian Wars in North America). The eastern coast of the present United States was colonized by England (the Thirteen Colonies) to foster greater trade between North America and England (it was known as New England). Australia and New Zealand were colonized to go out the British Empire penal colonies fo r the rouge elements of British society.Rebels and political prisoners were deported to these penal colonies. In the latter half of the 19th century, Britain was able to take possession of several(prenominal) Chinese ports after a series of wars with China, then under the rule of the Manchus (known as Opium Wars). In South America and the Caribbean, some islands were colonized by the British to offset Spanish and French power in the area (although in the early part of the 19th century, Spain controlled at least 2/3 of the land area of North, Central, and South America).In the European partition of Africa, Britain controlled a large portion of North, Central, and Southern Africa. These colonized areas minus the 13 colonies were known as the British Empire. The British fostered a policy of cultural toleration to discourage the native population from revolting. Moslems, Hindus, Taoists, Buddhists, and other Oriental religions existed side by side with Christianity in matters the like trade and commerce. Temples of different religions were treated with respect and dignity by British authorities.Nonetheless, British rulers especially Queen Victoria even traveled to the colonies to inspect and gibe the native populations to support Great Britain in its economic undertakings, for the benefit of the mother body politic and the colonies, and its colonial wars with other European powers (especially France and Germany). Religious festivals were declared as holidays, with some exceptions, to foster greater solidarity with the native population. English was not an enforced language. This was done to preserve and enrich the culture of the native populations.The British educational system was introduced to rouse greater economic efficiency in the colonies. The British parliament, in its sessions, declared that education was the but plausible and least risky way of opening the colonies to true education. The British parliament and to some extent the British rulers knew that there were form of British economic exploitation in the colonies, thus the only way for them to bet the image of the British Empire was to encourage education.English was taught in the universities (other European powers loathed this fictional character of strategy) established outside Britain. Economic and maritime schools were also established to perk up the natives to increase their productivity yield and to participate in naval undertakings. Nonetheless, the British army was remodeled in order to include natives in the soldier payroll. At a specified rank, a native could rise to a prominent rank in the military.Needless to say, to fit in the global economy, Britain also created institutions that would politically and socially integrate the mother country and the colonies. The old models of exploitation and oppression were replaced by systems of mutual cooperation and commitment to a common economic goal. Thus, these contributions of the Britain to its colonies became the framework of early English historians for justifying the existence of the British Empire. Patriotism and Nationalism The Beginning of Decline Nationalistic sentiment in the colonies grew in the latter beginning of the 20th century.Because of the relative successfulness of the colonies, some of its natives were able to study in European universities and able to acquire the increasing surge of ultra-patriotism (nationalism in Europe differs from the nationalism of the colonies on one count nationalism in European countries focused on the acquisition of colonies to bring glory to the country, whereas in the colonies on independence) in Europe. When they returned to their homeland, they established organizations which aimed of attaining independence or self-governance experimental condition of their homelands.The British authorities naturally would quell these uprisings since this put into question the status quo, and generally the legitimacy of the British Empire. Power Relations But because of the involvement of Great Britain in the two World Wars, it was forced to grant self-governance status to many of its colonies in exchange for economic and military support (in India, Gandhi urged the Indians to fight on the side of the British). However, because of the changing political atmosphere in Britain at that time, the British authorities once more crushed these independence movements.Many were forced to go underground. most seek political asylum in America or The Netherlands. Added to that, political theory and political education were deleted in the course curriculum of many universities for alarm that the British might close the institutions. The purpose of the British authorities was always to preserve the rule of the British Crown on the colonies. All means were thereof necessary in order to dissipate these independence movements. Thus, while the British were open to cultural toleration, they loathed political development in the colonies.Political develop ment is the time of citizen participation in the affairs of the government. Political development is largely a relationship between the citizenry and the country to which they owe their citizenship. The British authorities were enforcing a policy of mother dependency, that is, the political, social, and economic future of the colonies should depend on the mother country. Later Vladimir Lenin expanded this concept and renamed it as the dependency relations. The mother country, match to Lenin, when its reaches the height of economic development experiences shortfalls and recessions due to overproduction.The surplus produce of the mother country is dumped to the colonies since colonies are potential markets. In this way, economic recessions in the mother country are kept in check, and the laboring class enjoys relative prosperity, at the expense of the colonies. This is a uni-directional type of development unlike the so-called mutual development that Britain was preaching (as exemp lified in Africa, in Ramsay, 2000/1784). Practices and Institutions that Became Part of the Colonies Society The TragedyBritish colonies can be classified into two categories 1) those that fully accepted British practices and institutions, 2) those who only accepted British political and educational institutions. India, Pakistan, former British African colonies, and former British Asian colonies adopted the political and educational institutions of Great Britain because of its efficiency and relative good organization. The parliamentary system became the standard system of government of most of the former colonies of Great Britain. It was noted that this type of government adheres to the principles of public function and stability.Most of the former colonies of Great Britain using this type of government experience relative stability and effective governance (Toynbee, 1987401). The tragedy lies on the second type of former colonies. These colonies fully adopted British practices an d institutions at the expense of native practices and customs. In Australia and New Zealand for example, most of the population is classified as of British or European descent. When the British came to New Zealand, they dispossessed the Maori with fraudulent land contracts and generally through war (that severely reduced the Maori population by 1/8.The British authorities encouraged immigration to these places (Australia and New Zealand) to reinvigorate economic activities to these places. The result was that New Zealand and Australia became an extension of British society mirror images of England. The Maori who were the true owners of the country was exploited and dispossessed by the British. In the case of Canada, because of strong French influence (former French colony), the British authorities had the difficulty of making Canada a cultural sphere of influence of Britain.In fact, cultural differences in Canada serve as the marking definition of power relations in Canada. Conclus ion While many English historians talk endlessly of a Commonwealth under the banner of Great Britain, they were not able to pinpoint the opportunity costs of the colonization on the part of the colonies. There is no such thing as a common society, for the British Empire created two types of societies in its sphere of geopolitics. The only crossing of these societies is the institutions bequeathed to them by the British Empire.Socially, these societies differ significantly because the British Empire was not able to fully integrate its customs and practices to most of its colonies due to the onset of nationalism and patriotic sentiments of the native populations (in Australia and New Zealand, there was no such thing as a political native population since they were able to reduce their populations through wars and enforced immigration policies).ReferencesAldrich, Richard. 1988. Imperialism in the study and teaching of history. In Benefits Bestowed? Education and British Imperialism. Ma nchester and New York Manchester University Press, pp. 23-38.

Operational Systems in Early Years Essay

Structure of the day is one oper sufficient schema that essentials to be in array within an early years view. This is because, it tolerates the setting to tip smoothly as everyone go finisheds what they need to do and when. buildning(a) organisations and financial clays be important elements of a business plan which en adequate to(p) a table service to stockpile efficiently. There are numerous operative systems and financial systems involved in a service.Task 2Structure of the dayThere are m both ways in which this operational system contact on early years or play whole kit and boodle services. It allows everyone to know their roles and what they need to do passim the day. This bequeath allow the service to run smoothly as heap leave behind non be wondering what take to be done and things will consequently get done patch uply kinda of being left. Due to this, things like forms for the amount children eat and their behaviour will to a fault be carried pro hibited correctly as thither will be a designated member of provide who has to fill in the paper put to work for the room they are working in by the end of the day. If the setting has incorporated the day well enough then the member of mental faculty will hold beat to pen up the info as it comes instead of doing it all at the end of the day.This is because, if the practitioner leaves it until the end of the day, they whitethorn forget important bits of information and therefore will not be able to report tolerate to parents correctly. This operational system similarly helps to keep the organised. However, there are a few chores with this operational system. If a member of stave rings in sick then it whitethorn be hard to strike cover and therefore, the structure of the day will be jeopardised. Due to this, the day will not run smoothly as there will not be enough members of round in the setting, marrow that everyone will be panicking and jobs and paperwork will not get done correctly.Especially if the member of staff who has rang in sick is designated with important jobs for that day. It whitethorn as well as be the case that other people are unaware of how to carry issue the member of staff jobs and therefore, they will not get done until that member of staff comes into work. If just about job roles are linked in concert, i.e. paperwork then this could also mean that other jobs cannot get done. As a result, the structure of the day will be ruined and the setting will not run smoothly. For this operational system to work effectively there needs to be correct effective conversation in place. However, if this does not happen then this operational system wills no work.Health and safetyThis operational system has a huge impact on early years or play full treatment services, and it is very important to keep a service running smoothly and effectively. However, there are many positive and negatives points to this operational system. It keeps staff , children, visitors and anyone who may enter or work in the service safe. This happens as the operational system will include task like carrying out a risk assessment routine to reduce the risk of hazards and anyone getting injured. Due to this, the system can be made suitable to the specific setting as each setting may render antithetic hazards. Also, each setting has different health and safety requirements this is why it is important to have an operation system to each individual service so it fits in correctly and will work appropriately.This system will outline the procedures the staffs need to know and follow to abide to the healthy and safety rules. Due to the setting making them themselves, they will be able to make them simple enough for everybody to understand and follow. This will ensure that the healthy and safety within the setting will be followed correctly and there will be a reduced risk of people getting hurt. Members of staff will also be aware of what to do i f a child locomote poorly whilst attending the setting. other positive is that it will give the staff, parents and children a sense of security as they will know they are safe and are able to relax. Therefore, there will not be any one getting stressed, worried or frustrated at the thought that someone business leader get hurt, as all hazards should have been removed to reduce the chance of this happening.On the other hand, there are also negative points about health and safety as an operational system. This is because, it can be quite sequence consuming for the setting to create, therefore this may be taking up members of staff valuable time that needs to be spent else where. Due to this, another part of the setting may not run as it should, for example, lunch time. There may not be enough members of staff helping out at that time if some are busy creating and readjusting the operational system. Also, to add to the time of creating it, someone needs to take the time to review t he system and add or take apart things when it needs updating. This could be very costly to the service because they will have to pay for things like the system to be printed, staff training on the different systems, and health and safety is a big system for staff to become cozy about.Security of the buildingThe main impact that security of the building has on early years or play work services, is that it keeps everyone safe. Settings will have equipment installed to ensure that only the correct people are entering the building, for example, they may have a bell or a countersignature on the main entrance door, and other doors are only able to be opened from the inside. This also means that they are able to adapt the building however they need. Some nurseries may have to have walls, gates or fences built around their outdoor play area. However, some building may not have to do this as there is already a wall there. Due to this, the setting will also be able to install equipment th at will be suitable to the childrens needs. Some settings may have high door handles that the children cannot reach so they cant let themselves out or open the door and get their fingers trapped in it.A sense of security will also be built up in the setting as everyone will be aware that it is unattackable and safe. This may also make parents feel better leaving their child at the setting. However, like any operational system, this one also has negatives aspects. Finding a good quality confederacy to get the equipment move out and for them to install it may become difficult. A setting will need a reliable company who is willing to come out at late notice when possible to install equipment.The setting also needs to be able to find a company that has their equipment at a reasonable damage or else it may become very expensive for the setting. If a good quality company cannot be found, then equipment could be faulty putting the staff, children and visitors safety at risks. It could also then take a long time for the setting to be able to get the equipment fixed, causing problems and unneeded stress. As some equipment might be seen as good, there are also some impractical equipment, for example, if the setting has a bell for people to get in, it may be too loud and then wake up the children who are trying to sleep.Task 3Within an early years or play work setting there is an operation system for the actment and marking of supplies. One current operational system that I have witnessed was at my primary school. Each classroom teacher recorded the supplies that they might need throughout the term, including books, pencils, paint, games, and work sheets and so on. Once they had done this, they then had to send their list to the lady in the office who would record what supplies the teachers requested onto an ordering form. She would also keep a record of what each teacher asked for so everyone could have the correct stuff. When it came to ordering things like foo d for school dinners, this was the chefs responsibility. Each morning, the classroom teacher would ask each child who was having hot dinners what they would like, and there would be a meat and a vegetarian option. From this the chef would then be able to cook the correct amount of food each day.To order snotty-nosed food, the chef would do this once a week handing the order list to the office. However, with things like tin food, this would be brought in bulk at the beginning of each half term. For cleaning equipment, the head cleaner would create the ordering form to give to the office and this would include providing cleaning wipes for tables outside each classroom and soap for the toilets and so on. When it comes to the management of the operational system, this is down to the lady in the office as she is the one who rings through to the companies and places the orders and makes a time and date in which everything can be delivered. She keeps a record of past orders to make sure t hey are roughly ordering the same things each time an order is put in. This will help financial budgets as well.I do believe that the schools ordering of supplies operational system works effectively. The operational system is working well because there is someone to monitor what is being ordered and manage the system. This helps so staffs are aware who to send their order form to, if there are any problems then there is also someone that they can approach to try and solve the issue. All staff is able to put in an ordering form so nothing gets missed and the person in accommodate is then able to check the orders to ensure that staff are not spending too much money and are being realistic so the school can afford it. The school order supplies at realistic times to ensure that they do not run out of things they need especially things like hot dinners for the children.As a school, they have built up a good kinship with their suppliers and in time of need they can get a next delivery if something drastic happens. Another good point about this operational system is that the person, who manages it, also manages the financial records meaning that they will have a good understanding of what is coming in and going out. They will also be knowledgeable of how to make orders and will know appropriate times in which it can be delivered. however, the only problem is, if the member of staff who always puts the orders through is off work due to sickness, holiday or anything then it could mean that the school do not get there order through on time as know one else will know how to do. Therefore it would be a good head for them to allow another member of staff knows how to do it so they can make an order if needs be.Schools need financial resources to function. School finances should be carefully managed according to regulations. Financial summaries provide information about the flow of a schools financial resources, both into the school (income or revenue) and out of the s chool (expenditure). Financial records within the school are unbroken within the management office together with all supporting documents, e.g. tax revenue, invoices, bills and payment records. Access to financial records is restricted to the head teacher and member of staff in charge of the finance. The school has to keep their financial records for a minimum of 5 years. Financial records are kept both on the calculator and in filing cabinets. The school has a spreadsheet on the computer in which everything they have to pay for is listed and all the incoming money is also listed.The financial records that are kept in the filing cabinet include things like receipts for orders, and things that they cannot put on the computer. Receipts allow the school to look back to ensure that the money going out is the same as the receipts for things that they have brought. The school has to record their financial income and expenditure. Income that the school records include school fees, renti ng out facilities, donations, local anaesthetic community, government and expenditure that the school record includes construction/repairs, equipment, and rental of premises, teacher salaries, school meals, electricity, telephone, water and maintenance. The school uses the financial summaries to monitor, verify and control the financial position of the school.BibliographyGill Squire. (2007) BTEC National Diploma Childrens financial aid Learning & Development Essex