Media Coverage of War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Media Coverage of War - Research Paper ExampleThe come along up to Iraq contend and the struggle itself received wide media attention across the world. The normal television broadcasting schedules of major broadcasters were often disrupted to bring the 24-hour coverage of the war and related analysis. The war coverage was non restricted to the electronic media. The daily newspapers displayed numerous pages with detailed images from the war frontlines. Viewers around the world were fitted to enjoy quality coverage of the action in the comfort of their homes. It is with no doubt that, the media coverage of the war on Iraq was one of the highest visual qualities, exceeding the coverage of previous wars in the world (Allan and Zelizer 53-60) However, the media coverage of the war on Iraq in 2003 continues eliciting ethical issues, particularly on the role that the journalists played in ensuring that all parties manifold in the conflict received fair media attention. In addition, th e effects that the coverage had on different groups of bulk across the world are another major issue of concern. Impartial and objective media coverage is the analysis of professionalfessional journalism but during war on Iraq, objectivity was one of the most controversial issues. The issues of nonpartisanship and objectivity were particularly more questionable because most of the journalists came from United States and other western countries that supported the war. The interests in the Iraq conflict particularly in the United States were intense because of the high stakes involved, causing biasness in the account (Steven et al, 570-572). In the course of the war coverage, major media houses especially from United States and United Kingdom are noted for biasness while covering conflicts (Juliane 46). According to Juliane the media companies in these countries seldom question the morality of their countries engagement in the conflicts (52). For deterrent example during the Fal klands war involving United Kingdom and Argentina, Juliane noted that the media in the country failed to challenge the rationale of war. The seat was similar during the first gulf war in 1991 when the American and British press remained largely dark-skinned in favor of the allied forces (63-65). Rid attributes the apparent lack of professionalism in the media to vested interests, where the media owners fear reporting literal facts in order to maintain cordial economic relations with the government of the day(82). The media coverage of war in Iraq elicited different criticism from the society. Lewis argued that the coverage from the frontline presented the war as a form of entertainment, involving a brag forces led by the United States displaying their military might against an inferior opposition (55-68). Similarly, the written broadcasts elicited concerns round their psychological effects on the audience, especially the young children. In Britain and United States, there were concerns that media would broadcast graphic images of wounded and killed soldiers to the public. This would create psychological suffering to the relatives and trigger public outrage against the war (Rid 77) There was a pronounced contrast between the broadcasts by pro western media and Arab media during the Iraq war. Al jazeera television network, a pro Arabic media house demonstrated a remarkable journalistic coverage by showing the much(prenominal) suffering of the Iraqi people meted by the occupying forces. The station showed images of Iraqi civilian victims and

LLB Law, Media Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LLB Law, Media Law - Essay Examplege of its duties, is vile of contempt1 The test as to what constitutes contempt of court was enunciated by Lord Russell in the side of meat case of R v Gray Any act done or writing publish calculated to bring a court or a judge of the court into contempt, or to displace his authority, is a contempt of court.2 In every court proceeding, what every litigant is in wait of is a good judgment and in most court proceedings involving trial by jury, having a good, reasonable and unbiased jury is the key to that.Taking a view from the Attorney Generals speech, it is true that the fairness of contempt was meant to arrive at a middle ground between competing interests. in that respect argon so many opposing interests to every trial. The law of contempt has at least deuce-ace fundamental objects providing a fair trial, ensuring compliance with the courts orders and generally protecting the administration of umpire. If these competing interests are bala nced, it is the only way which requires the court process to be fair and that the community accepts the courts decisions and obeys their orders. It is the trade of the trial judge always to warn the jury of the likely consequences of which any pre-trial publicity may take on the trial. The jury must always and constantly be cautioned to try the case on the root word of the evidence it hears and not on the basis of anything it reads in the newspapers or heard on radio or television. A question that should be asked at this point is that is this a reasonable position? If this is reasonable, how will the law be successful is protecting the rights of those concerned with a trial from intrusion by the media? How does the law judge to balance the conflicting interest of all parties to the trial, and in particular, in relation to granting immunity of speech/freedom of the press and the right to a fair trial? Are the any dangers of a miscarriage of justice with regards to pre-trial publ icity?It should be noted that a lot of jurors have become

Current Events and US Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Events and US Diplomacy - Essay warning However, the fact remained that the US military forces had already lost over 25000 American soldiers along with hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese. In suffer of such efforts, the US could not come out as victorious. Antiwar forces within the US were most outspoken against the US government for the deployment of the US forces in Vietnam War. In such circumstances, Nixon assured US allies to mention treaty commitments (History.com, 2012). On the behest of Nixon Doctrine, it became amply clear that now South Vietnamese troops would have to match on their own as the process of withdrawing American troops began after formal announcement. In memory with this pronouncement, the US and North Vietnam signed a peace treaty in 1973 and it appe ared that permanent peace pass on prevail in the area. However, two years later, in 1975, North Vietnamese forces demolished the South Vietnamese army bringing the whole country under communist rule (History.com, 2012). It is important to note that though the Communist Party ruled the Vietnam since 1975 yet the country moved from planned economy to a grocery economy in the 80s. In recent years, the US relations with Vietnam have improved significantly. However, several incidents are responsible for that. In 1991, Soviet Union collapsed and disintegrated into several independent states. Also, East Germany merged into West Germany to speed up economic growth based on the free market trade systems. It is important to note that Vietnam and the US tend to develop a free trade agreement between them. and they have already entered into an enthronization and trade agreement besides signing air transport, textile and maritime agreements. The US imports a mannikin of goods from Vietnam such as footwear, apparel, furniture, seafood, agricultural products similarly, it exports machinery products, vehicles, yarn and fabric. Thus, relations

Critically review the role of Planning Manager and assess the impact Essay

Critically review the role of readying Manager and assess the impact on our job plan - Essay ExampleSince Annex polarity is a new bakery to be opened up in the market of Cardiff where other bakeries already exist with priggish market shares and acquired base of customers, it is important for the planning manager of Annex House to account the gaps prevailing in the market of Cardiff and try to position the new bakery house in allege to fulfil this gap by catering to the unfulfilled and emerging demands of the customers in the confectionary market of Cardiff, Welsh. Deciding the proper strategies in order to ensure the competiveness, profitability and sustainability of Annex House is critical for aligning the business objectives and goals with the cart track of the bakery business. Also, implementing suitable strategic decisions and employing a proper strategic management and control in the business would ensure that the bakery house is enabled to meet the set objectives and goa ls for the business with respect to its operational, financial and other working(a) aspects. The strategic management process encompasses devising and incorporating the objectives and goals of the company with respect to the proper consideration of the available resources and capabilities in the business and by carefully assessing the internal as well as the external environment apposite to the business. Developing a proper strategic management plan would help to decide the future prudence of the bakery house and would also help to specify the objectives of the company, develop suitable policies and plans for achieving these organizational objectives and allocating proper resources in order to implement the decisions. This would ensure that the internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the business are evaluated in order to necessitate key decisions regarding the strategic management of the bakery house. This would also help in ensuring the

Issues in corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issues in corrections - Essay representativeAccording to research, the punitive musical arrangements are running out of ideas on how to manage the issues affecting the correctional systems.The join States of America correctional systems are believed to be one of the most advanced prison system globally. This is because of the change magnitude crime rates in the country. However, like other countries globally the American correctional system faces more issues that tend to be hard for the legal system to handle. There is one major issue of overcrowding in the prisons that have been caused by high crime rates, harsh laws made by the legal system for sure offenses, high rate of criminals returned to jail for committing felonies and long term sentences for certain offenses (Scott, 2010). The rate of the population of inmates is growing scurrying making it hard for the prisons to hold the capacity.The issue of high population in prison has pushed the legal system to set free the we ll-behaved criminals in prison, which has posed a holy terror to society (Scott, 2010). The law is oblige to release the criminals to create space for the other criminals. Criminals serving long sentences are freed through good demeanour and presidential pardons. Alternatively, according to researchers, some prisoners are pretenders who only pretend to behave well so that they are set free and proceed to carry out their vengeance on the witnesses who testified against them in court. The problem for the correctional system not being able to accommodate the criminals until they are has posed a major threat to society.Over population in the correctional system has also led to various problems to the inmates. The inmates health is at risk due to various airborne diseases caused by overcrowding. Diseases can also emerge from the dirty toilets shared by the large number of prisoners. Prisoners health has also in turn affected the economy of the country trying to treat various diseases that arise among prisoners like human immunodeficiency virus/ AIDs,

Contemporary Disaster Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contemporary Disaster Management - end point Paper ExampleThe studies and researches done by Centre of Research of the Epidemiology on Disasters confirm that natural catastrophes such(prenominal) as flood, windstorm, surge, and other water-related disasters have killed approximately one million people in the past 20 years. Furthermore, these water-related disasters have affected the livelihoods of more than 300 million people. According to EM-DAT, these natural disasters have directly modify the global economy and countries around the world have lost more than $US 800billion. Researches have also revealed that regions characterized by the monsoon climate argon the around vulnerable. Disasters are also common in areas with large community and where economic development is quite rapid (Brown, & Duguid, 2000). Barton (1999) argued that disaster management has been a problem in most countries of the world hence the impacts of the phenomena are recurrent. Nations all over the world have joint efforts in instigate to debase the effects of these disasters on the livelihoods in the next coming years. Through Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Hyogo cloth for Action 2005-2015 and the Hashimoto Action Plan Compendium for Action, countries have constituted strategic goals and the appropriate global actions that reduce the effects of disasters on the economic system. Asia is one of the countries among others which have been affected negatively by water-related disasters. Asian-Pacific countries have established Asia Pacific Water Forum, a body which is primarily concerned with policing water-related disaster management programs. There are very many bodies emerging all over which would diligently improve the quality of life of populations affected by disasters. These organizations are expected to facilitate disaster management strategies in addressing effective disaster step-down solutions in the most stricken areas (Epstein, 2000).

Consumer-brand relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Consumer- marque alliances - Essay ExampleWhen the concept of branding is applied in the marketing strategies, in that location is a huge possibility that an impelling consumer-brand relationship is framed. The marketing experts have realised that the customers have become more informed and have easy access to a wide range of choices and the only way to invade off competitive advantage in the respective market is to strengthen the consumer-brand relationship which means getting the customers emotionally involved with the brand (Bengtsson, Bardhi & Venkatramann, 2010). It is stated by Frank et al. (2010) that the companies that will ensure that they create a exceedingly gripping, pleasurable, consistent and compelling cause of brand for their customers which will enable it to get the top ranking in the market. However, the companies that strive to strengthen their brand just to obtain monetary benefits or dont take account of the customers preferences are often unable to crea te a healthy relationship with their customers. ... Theoretical perspectives of Consumer-brand relationships Brand has been defined by many researchers in different ways as there is no concrete definition for this terminology. The most easiest and raw description of a brand is awareness intimately a overlap or serve well offering (Thomson, MacInnis & Park, 2005). According to Carlson, Donavan and Cumiskey (2009), a firm has to promote its brand which comprises of creating a name, broadcasting it to the target market and then implementing it on its corporate identity or the distinguish of service or product offerings the brand is the key element that highlights the presence of a company and its product or service in the market. Every organisation has to market its brand so that it can create a brand identity which is the set of associations that consumers develop about a certain brand (Bauer, Heinrich & Martin, 2007). For instance, Disney field is considered to be the best place for fun, adventure and enjoyment it is the destination that everyone wants to go to have the spectacular association of their lives with family and friends. Disney World has further strengthened its brand image by making valuable additions in its service offerings so that it can meet the changing demands of its consumers. In order to create a good and effective consumer-brand relationship, the marketing managers of a company have to use the logos, taglines, product attributes and other aspects in the marketing activities to pick out the brand from its competitors (Carroll & Ahuvia, 2006). The basic requirement of strengthening the brand-consumer relationship is to give the most sensational brand experience to the customers by using all available sources such as promotional events, advertising, Websites and Customer Relationship

Scene analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scene analysis - probe Example gilbert said Its gonna take a crane to get her out to which Ellen cried in that locations gonna be a crowd. I just know theres gonna be a crowd.At this point it is obvious that all of them are worried that the death of their mother would also be a source of her ridicule. They want to have a peaceful funeral for her and would not want to make her a laughing stock on her death. This was also a pivotal time where it is apparent upon the intensity of Gilbert that he allow for do just about anything to ensure that his mothers honor will not be shamed. Though he said it social function-of-factly and without hint of remorse or discouragement, it is evident that the bewilderment of the situation has caused him to think deeply.Gilberts character is consistent with how his actions are in a way his redeeming quality which further shows his love for his family and how he will take measures to protect them no matter what cost. He stands as the father figure a nd this extends not only to his younger siblings exclusively generally as the dominant male figure in the whole household. His sisters reaction, although primarily to circumvent mockery, is also geared for their protection and this is also reasonable since she is a teenager. The subtext of Gilberts confusion and his devised plan aimed at protecting their mother ennobles his action for the general good. His face is not a contradiction of his intent but a forthright characterization of his ultimate

The Business of Pure General Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Business of Pure General Insurance - Essay ExampleFor each(prenominal) item down the left-hand side of the page, certain specific questions are identified that are intend to be asked in order to achieve the interview goals or objectives. These are considered to perform the data drop-off techniques as they are developed over long periods of trials and errors (OConnor, Bronner, & Delaney, 2007). The data reduction method by victimization large sheet of paper techniques is demonstrated below In the interview process, certain questions are asked of the participants relating to the bailiwick of their interests. As the participants response with certain answers, those certain answers can be written on cards or on a large sheet of paper. The importance of implementing large sheet of paper method in the interview process is in general for the purpose of data reduction as well as for the governance of the interview process in a proper sequence so that the process is accurately and co mprehensively portrayed (Web app, n.d.). Basically, the economic health of the motor insurance businesses of a particular company affects both in its attractiveness towards the investors and the likelihood of investment in road safety activities. As the case study is mainly concerned with the motor insurance sector, it is advisable that the Pure General Insurance (PGI) should focus upon conducting road shows or seminars among others in order to promote their products to the customers (Thomas, 2002).

Agriculture's importance economic progress Essay

Agricultures importance scotch progress - Essay grammatical caseAgriculture which is predominantly the base of systems of rescue in most of the under developed countries is the primary patronage of rural people in those countries. It is primary because it supplies basic necessities of human life, provides basic inputs for industries and, in addition to these, purveys goods for exports and new(prenominal) purposes. . . . the rise in boorish cropion . . . makes important contributions to general economic development and that, within vast limits at least, it is one of the preconditions which must be established before a take off into ego sustained economic growth becomes possible (Nicholls, 1970). Earlier development economists like Arthur Lewis (1954), Hirschman (1958) and Fei and Ranis (1961) have identified and canvas how agriculture contributes to the overall economic growth of a dry land (Higgins, 1982). They highlighted that the unlimited labor supply in the agricultura l sector of an underdeveloped country can be transformed to industrial sector and the big businessman of agriculture to transfer its abundant resources to early(a) sectors actually lead the economic growth of any country. persona of agriculture in an saving is judged by the value of the total quantity of output in the top National convergence (NNP). A ratio between the output of agricultural sector and the output of non-agricultural sector or the proportion of the former in the NNP furnishes reasonable evidence not only of the nature of economy but also its stage of development. Simon Kuznets (1961) observes that an increase in the net output of the agriculture is, in and of itself, heart of the increases in the net products of the several sectors (61). So long as the rate of growth of the non-agricultural sector is higher(prenominal) than that of the agricultural sector, the proportional contribution of agriculture in the total product will decline. His model for assessing the product contributions to the NNP quite explicit and it is delineated as follows dP=A.a+O.o Where, A= Product of Agriculture O = Product of all other sectors P= Total Proudct =(A+O) a=rate of growth of A o= stride of Growth of O d= change. The increment in the total product is the aggregate of products of sectarian outputs as multiplied by their respective rates of growth. Role of Agriculture in Economic Development- Traditional cash advance The traditional and earlier approaches proposed by development economists like Lewis, Fie and Ranis highlighted the important fibres of agriculture sector in the economic development of any country (Vogel, 1994). A fast track development of this sector is crucial for other sectors as well. Only a strong and efficient agricultural sector can feed the ripening population of a country, provide employment, play vital role in the overseas trade and earning of foreign exchange and give a strong base to the industries. Because of these multifac eted functions of agriculture, it has got a multiplier effect on any countrys socio-economic and industrial scenario. Thus according to the traditional analysis the role of the agricultural sector is confined to the source of food, source of livelihood, role in foreign trade, capital/savings transfers and its role in industrial development (Stringer, 2001). Source of Lively hood Most of the developing countries depend on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Agriculture provides immense employment opportunities to the masses and this assumes much significance when the growing works force does not come out of the yoke. The figure may be varied from 10 pct to 60 percent in the contemporary scenario generally prevailing in the developing and underdeveloped countries across the globe (Stringer, 2001). Importance in the context of food security The character and content of a countrys economic structure alongside the potential for its further growth and development are more often than not dependent not only upon the quantity but also upon the type of its output generated and distributed in the economy (FAO, 2001). For example, an

Internet Addiction and Depression Statistics Project

Internet dependance and Depression - Statistics Project ExampleChien, et al. (2005) argues that despite the great benefits brought about by the net profit, it has led to obstinate set up to some of its users. Internet addiction and stamp has been cited as one of the major problem brought about by the meshwork (Oreilly, 1999).Internet addiction and depression is a major problem afflicting some of the internet users. gibe to Block (2008), internet addiction can be defined as the excessive use/ utilise of technological devices that can provide access to internet such as computers and phones in such a way that they interfere with ones daily life. Internet addiction includes the following activities excessive manoeuvre on the internet, blogging, e- mailing, online social networking, internet shopping, and inappropriate pornography use (Young 2009). However, it is important to note that activities such as playing computer games or reading argon only considered troubling/ addiction to an extent that these activities are interfering with a persons normal life (Welsh, 1999). Related to internet addiction is internet related depression, which is defined as a mental/ psychological disorder that is characterized by loss of beguile or pleasure, an all- encompassing low mood, and low self- esteem in an event that internet is withdrawn from an accustomed persons life (Bessiere, 2010). Bellamy and Hanewicz (2001) explain that internet depression can also take the ca-ca of an internet addict substituting friendships, which are meaningful, and socializing with internets virtual contacts, hence having adverse effects on his or her mental wellbeing. Morrison (2010) argues that their study proved that internet addiction and internet depression are strongly linked but the nature of that relationship is what is yet to be established. Armstrong (2001) says that it is not known, which comes first- whether internet cause depression or depressed people are drawn to

Writer's choice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Writers choice - Term Paper Example(Independence, n.d.) His father, a candle and slash maker, wanted benjamin to become a clergyman. Because his father did not have enough money, asa dulcis simply went to school for a year, apprenticed under his father, and eventually apprenticed for his half-brother, James, who owned a publish shop.Benjamin loved to write, but he never got a chance to publish his work. It was during this time that he wrote the fourteen famous letters from Silence Dogood, a secret character Franklin created for himself. The letters were sent to James printing house and published in The New-England Courant. When James found out Dogood was actually Benjamin, the siblings disagreed and the younger Franklin moved to Philadelphia. Benjamin consequently became the publisher for The Pennsylvania Gazette when he was about twenty-four years old (Hovde, 2002). He gained popularity for printing Poor Richards Almanac which contained weather forecasts, household tips, puzzle s, etc. (Green & Stallybrass, 2006)There is a cluster to tell about Benjamin Franklin since he dabbled in many industries when he was alive. Aside from organism a renowned printer and writer, Benjamin Franklin was in any case a diplomat. He was the first United States government minister to France and served from 1778 1785. Scholar Leo Lemay referred to Franklin as the most essential and successful American diplomat of all time. (Green & Stallybrass, 2006)not only was Benjamin Franklin adept in being a publisher and a diplomat. He was also a very brilliant inventor. During his lifetime, Franklin managed to create what is commonly known as bifocals, lightning rod, glass harmonica and Franklin stove. (Independence, n.d.) common chord of these atomic number 18 still popular today. Bifocals are a type of eyeglasses which have upper and start halves. The lower halves were usually used for reading or viewing things that are near, while the upper halves are used for looking at dista nt objects. As Franklin grew older,

Law Suit Recommendation Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law agree Recommendation Paper - Assignment ExampleIn fact, this organization willing easily argue that it steered decipherable of wrongful dismissal by providing the medical student with the 4-month notice. Likewise, expiry without cause allows the employer to terminate employment contracts when the organization has find out that employees services have become redundant. This provision clearly acknowledges the applicability of economic re-organization and it is indeed true that the concerned department is undergoing some restructuring.The problem with this accost approach is that up to now, there are no deliberations on the remittances that are to be made as the physicians emoluments. So far this termination may be rightly defended as a constructive dismissal, but this failure to pay the physician in advance amounts to wrongful dismissal.This organization may wrongly surmise that it is legally in guidance only to be undercut by the state-specific at-will employment laws. It is therefore expedient for the organization to determine whether or not it is in a state where at-will employment laws are in force, before agreeing for a court settlement.Conversely, this organization can consider arbitration. The pros that come with using arbitration are extraneous to the details of this berth. For instance, by settling for arbitration, this organization will have relegated the rigors of arbitration to its arbiter, and thereby warding off distraction (Macklin, 2005).As is eternally the case, when suing for wrongful termination or discharge, the physician will not be in contact with the institution. Although this makes the case very unpredictable for the healthcare institution, yet arbitration wards off this danger. This is because arbiters (the companys and the plaintiffs lawyers) will have to work together to reach a solution. This is especially the case when evidence will be being adduced.Nevertheless, this organization must prepare itself for the pitfalls of

Integrated Marketing Communications in Apple Inc Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications in apple Inc - Essay ExampleUpon mentioning Apple, what come into peoples mind are their simplified campaigns of advertising that personate their proceedss as exceptional. They apply their advertising in many mediums such as email, the web, television, billboards, and print ads that when combined amaze been highly successful in some(prenominal) marketing the new version of their new product exactly above all the new smart cover as an essential accessory. Apples unexclusive relations department is doing an excellent job at creating positive image for their newest product as both a business product and a family friendly product. The company integrates diverse mediums of communicating with their prospects by targeting charitable marketing concepts. Most of its advertisements involve children using the product, family members connecting via Face time, or a possible kid-friendly application. Agreeably, all these incorporate marketing communicat ion methods are creating a positive image for Apple.Because Apples products are appealing, their newest product is receiving tremendous public attention due to its frequent media use. In addition, people are using it on television on news broadcasts and even by some prominent people as a display tool. In the world of promotions, Apple rarely partakes in any but, recent news has it that scoop Buy is reserving Apples newest product for an upcoming promotion. This means that when a company increase the get along of marketing channels in its strategy, it is more likely to reach more and new people. Hence, using a number of combined efforts to reach and communicate with your audience is the most effective in the current mart (Pride and Freel, 2006316-17). However, it is worth noting that, it is crucial to use a technique like this especially during economic recovery. With reference to a research carried out

Unconscionable contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

usurious contract - Essay ExampleIn the case at bar, Amy, who was a college student, was led to believe by the salesman that the home theater system, Alpo Model XL2, represents $3,000, when in truth and in fact, the actual standard cost of the theater system is only $1,000. The price given by the salesman was two times higher than the prevailing standard cash market price of the item bought by the buyer. Hence, the rent-to-own contract signed by Amy is considered unconscionable. below the law, Amy has the remedy to demand the return of the excess $2,000 since the contract price is unconscionable, excessive and unfair on her part. Here, the salesman acted in bad faith at the time of the signing of the rent-to-own contract. Therefore, in order to cure the damage caused to the buyer, Amy provide go to court and have the contract declared as unconscionable and oppressive, since there was a misdemeanour on the part of the salesman to fulfill his obligation in good faith in accordanc e with their contract.

Comparing and contrasting India, China, and Indonesia music cultures Essay

analyse and contrasting India, China, and Indonesia music shades - Essay ExampleThis Comparing and contrasting India, China, and Indonesia music glosss essay outlines the cultural differences between this countries. China has the longest standing history of its refining among all countries in the world with archaeological evidence indicating that China is one of the foundations of mankind. Dating back to the quaternate BC, the Chinese people began living together in large groups which resulted in the cultivation of land, domestication of animals, structure of pit dwellings and emergence of pottery. Chinese cultural history is recorded according to the antithetical dynasties that make up its culture as it is today. The Chinese people today show much pride in the Han culture which saw them make great scientific discoveries, to the highest degree of which even the Western countries were not awargon of. This culture is most renowned for the introduction of the art culture practi ced in China today. The antediluvian Chinese music, which dates back to the 3rd millennium, was slow and solemn with large orchestras heard in the background. The Chinese people cheer the single tone produced in their music more than they do the melody itself. Their musical instruments used are divided into eight groups depending on the materials they are made of. The musical notations used are all an extension of rhythm. Indian culture is attributed to the various religious groups that exist in India. The religions include Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism. The ancient architectural monuments of India are a testament of the existence of these religions., all of which held different cultural beliefs and practices. The religions also introduced the traditional food of India from their different cuisines at that time. During the Stone Age period, early man in India began drawing animal figures and painting them in the caves he lived in. This has evolved to modern day art of painting where Indians decorate their front house porches. India is braded the land of some(prenominal) great philosophers, scholars and thinkers due to its ancient belles-lettres. Indian language has evolved slowly, leading to the writing of many Indian plays and literature works. The characteristics of Indian music depend on the type of music being played classical, folk, Lavani or the Rabindra Sangeet. The most frequent used instrument in all these musical types is the Sitar which resembles a guitar. They also use the table, a small drum that is played using the fingertips. The most unique characteristic is that every type of music has a spiritual or meditative connotation. Cultural background and musical characteristics of Indonesia Indonesia is known for its multiethnic and divers(a) religious nature. It is believed that the Indonesian culture is highly influenced by the Indian and Chinese cultures due to migration of the people during the ancient years. Indonesian cu lture id determined by the region that one is studying. For instance the North Sumatra and East java are ethnically mixed while the South Sumatra and South Kalimantan have similar art, dressing, social and governmental cultural affiliations. There are two distinct agricultural methods practiced in Indonesia the permanent irrigated sieve farming and the rotating swidden rice farming both of which aim at farming of rice, the staple food in many parts of Indonesia. Due to the many ethnic groups in the island, there are many local languages but the Malay

Customized Degree Plan Essay Example for Free

Customized Degree Plan Essay1 Why pretend you chosen the elective classes in your degree plan? I attended the University of Phoenix, before I started my classes at Kaplan University. While attending the University of Phoenix, majority of my electives were pre chosen for me. I would like a occupational group in poisonous profiling or criminal investigations. My choice of elective classes will be Psychology, sociology, or criminal profiling. Although eyepatch attending the University of Phoenix, I was majoring in Business so two of my electives were Psychology and Sociology. I need this familiarity to be as successful in interrogations or crime scene evidence.2 What skills, and knowledge do you expect to learn from these classes? The classes I attended at the University of Phoenix gave me the basic knowledge. Psychology and Sociology gave me the insight on how to figure an individuals, mental and social behaviors. I learned that you have to get into a persons mind, and visit how they operate in their own habitat. I plan to gain the extra knowledge of how to understand the criminal jurist field and the emotional stability and social environment of the individuals I encounter with.3 How will these individual skills and knowledge cooperate you in your field? The skills that I learn will help me to visualize individuals and learn their social behaviors. I plan to be successful my field and help obligate the crime down and the community safe, by catching the culprits who want to commit crime. The youth need counselor and the neighborhoods need a makeover for drug free and violence free community.4 How will these electives further your career goals?The electives I choose will help me to achieve my goals and accomplishments at obtaining my degree in the criminal justice field.

Morality Play Essay Example for Free

Morality Play EssayCudgels- short thick stick employ as weapon (n. ) mea maxima culpa -my mistake, my fault humani nil a me alienum- I am a human being, I consider nothing that is human alien to me. tonsure- the act of cutting the hair or shaving the head. craftem illam ignominiosam- the art of her disgrace malodorous- an unpleasant odor foul-smelling retinue- a group of advisers, assistants, or others accompanying an important mortal leman- a lover, sweetheart or paramour pretium- price ignorantia Juris non excusit- ignorance of the law does not excuse ubi stabilitas ibireligio-where ever stability is, there will be religion. Jongleurs- medieval wandering entertainers who played instruments, sang and danced, juggled, and performed plays. brawlers- a noisy quarrel, squabble, or fight. passe- old fashioned out-of-style esse- being existence. sorties- attacks redolent- (adj. ) fragrant, smelling strongly tending to arouse memories or create an gloriole timorous- (adj) fearful timid demonstrating fear prating- to talk excessively and pointlessly babble japer- to joke, gib petulance- (n. ) rudeness, irritability vagabond- A person who wanders from place to place preening- devoting effort to make one attractive lewdness- indecent. abscene.Offensive in a sexual way conjuring- the performance of magical tricks cavil- (v. ) to find fault in a petty way, jockey a trivial objection or criticism cupidity- (n. ) an eager desire for something greed scruple- a cutaneous senses of doubt or hesitation with regard to the morality or propriety of a course of live up to folly- lack of good sense foolish action or undertaking patron- (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support animosity- (n. ) strong dislike bitter uncongeniality emulate- to copy to try to equal or excel lulling- cause to get calm, sleep or rest.

Interpreting the 1832 Reform Act Essay Example for Free

Interpreting the 1832 refine playact EssaySummary The Great domesticise Act, a product of in tense debate, has produced an nonwithstandingly diverse debate among historians. One element of the controversy centres on the origins of the Act. How far was it designed to stave slay a popular revolution, and how far to preserve the influence of the landed gentry or to buy forth opposition by quantifyly giving ups? Or did the policy-makers not have time to formulate precise aims? The hearts of the legislation ar equally controversial. Did brasss become more popular and more responsive to national issues? How did voting behaviour change? The answers historians have found tend to reflect the partitioningicular constituencies they have studied. Diversity quite than uniformity characterises both the motives for the Act and its historical effects.The 1832 Reform Act continues to arouse a great ken of controversy among historians. Older accounts by Trevelyan (1920), Christi e (1927) and Butler (1914) treat remedy as a timely concession to popular extort and a Whig party manoeuvre designed to weaken the Tories. But since the 1960s at that place have been galore(postnominal) alternative interpretations, and as we enter the impudent century it seems appropriate to draw unitedly and reexamine these differing opinions close to a topic which continues to fascinate teachers and students of nineteenth-century British history.Concession or cure? correspond to Moore (1966 and 1974), the Reform Act was not a concession but a cure, designed to revive electoral deference. Reform was meant to reorganise the electoral system, decides Moore, so that thither would be no power for the unpropertied, a absolveder promissory note between county and borough constituencies, an exclusion of middle-class influence from the counties, and with more seats for the counties a reinforcement of landed influence. deflect (1993, p 80) dismisses Moores idea, not least becau se counties continued to have large urban electorates, and Eastwood (1997) argues that rural voters were kinda slight pliant, and county politics more complex, than Moore appreciates. Eastwood shows that county elections were participatory events earlier and after 1832, and that rural elites continually had to negotiate with voters. There was no hegemonic paternalism and no simple correlation between landlord power and voting behaviour.OGorman (1984) also casts doubt on Moores assumptions active deference, and McCord (1967) has suggested that even if the political science did have clear aims (which were, in his view, to remove anomalies and bring into the governmental nation deserving sections of the middle classes), ministers did not have the time, expertise and knowledge needed to draft legislation which would give effect to these intentions. Evans (1995, pp 93-4) points out that neither Greys ministry nor the Whig party were united on tidy up. Lack of information roughly different types of constituency and the goal of middle-class and landed influence, moreover, do it impossible to accomplish the reorganisation posited by Moore.There was no overwhelm plan, argues Evans, and universal concerns well-nigh reserving political influence for property and preventing an alliance of middle-class see the lighters with the masses. For the most part ministers reacted to extra-parliamentary developments (on this point Evans appears to disagree with McCord, who thinks that the main features of the tame calling card were settled well before popular pressure reached its height). Evans stresses that the reform crisis did not allow ministers the time (even had they the ability) to get into the minutiae of precisely who should and should not be enfranchised in particular places.Moores thesis has also been questioned by Hennock (1971) and Davis (1976), while Beales (1992) insists that redistribution of seats was far more important to the framers of the reform bill than expansion of the electorate. Mitchells interpretation of reform (1993) underlines this point. For Mitchell the reform bill was part of the old Whig struggle against the Crown. higher-ranking Whigs believed that liberty and property were inseparable and that more influence for the propertied classes would serve as a roadblock against royal tyranny. Liberty would be safe if property was properly represented and, since the rotten boroughs no protracted served this function, seats had to be redistributed and borough voting rights revised. Vernon (1993) argues that the 1832 Reform Act enabled the elite narrowly to define the hatful as propertied men. It thereby contributed to a political closure experienced between 1832 and 1867. Vernons idea about democratic losses, however, essential be balanced by the undoubted gains achieved in 1832, especially in terms of political influence for non-elite interests.Continuity or change?According to Gash (1979, pp 150-2). the general pu rpose behind reform was to make the old system more acceptable. The bill had enough scope to capture the public mental imagery while also appearing to meet a need, but it was a clumsy measure, incapable of recast the electoral system, and its authors were always more interested in continuity than change. Ministers lacked the intention, information and experience to go further than they did. They were working in haste to carry out a political pledge and did not protest to be logical. Milton-Smith (1972) suggests that generalisation about reform is unhelpful, since the bill was a highly flexible tool.Though it was presented by ministers as a final measure, they meant by this that it would satisfy existing demands. Whig leaders accepted that in future(a) decades representation might have to be conceded to new interests, and Milton-Smith concludes that the reform bill should be viewed more as a concession than a cure. Other commentators, notably Bentley (1984, p 87), Parry (1993, p 99) and OGorman (1986), have dysphoric that reform did not greatly alter the social composition of the Commons, or make the electorate popular, or withdraw power to the urban middle classes.Some historians have chosen to focus on what was achieved in 1832, rather than on what the reform bill did not do. Briggs (1979, p 253) pays modest tribute to the governments role in do it possible for an un willinging parliament to reform itself. The reform bill was a success, he adds, because it removed the danger of revolution, attached the middle classes to the constitution, and gave aristocratic government a new lease of life. Evans (1996, pp 223-9), Derry (1990, pp 195) and Phillips (1982) have examined the importance of 1832 in promoting new forms of political organisation, registration drives, party cohesion, the rise of urban and industrial influence, and a higher fall of electoral contests (with persistent fancier voting). The instrumentality of reform is clear.The bill was not ju st a bourgeois measure. It was also dynamic. In the 1830s and 1840s there were constructive social and economic policies, and the success of 1832 enabled Parliament to regain anomic stature and command wider approval. This ties in with Mandlers thesis (1990, chs 1, 4) about the reassertion of an aristocratic governing style, and with Parrys idea (1993, pp 78-89) of quick liberal government. Parry claims that the Reform Act achieved its fundamental purpose, which was by bold means, to strengthen the power of government to locate, and respond equitably to, social tensions, unrest, and grievances, and so secure popular confidence in more active, disciplinary rule. Hence the Whigs interventionist approach of the 1830s and their eagerness to use the powers and opportunities provided by reform to transform the range and image of government behaviour. Parry may be exaggerating. He implies that Greys administration had clear goals and complete control over the lick of reform, and that ministers real knew how they were doing and how to do it when, in fact, untold was uncertain and unpredictable.The Reform Act was significant not exactly for what it did, argues Davis (1980). but for what politicians thought it did, and reform prompted a notable change of attitudes, especially among Tories who came to accept Peel as their leader. by and by 1832 Peel demonstrated that he was reconciled to institutional reform, and he saw clearly that the Reform Act made the influence of electors much more significant than it had formerly been. To Phillips (1980), the expansion of the electorate is a clear indication that reform was a concession, intended to appease the nation and satisfy a growing entrust for inclusion in the political process. Political activity had mushroomed since the 1780s, and the reform of 1832 created a voting public corresponding reasonably well, proportionately, to that segment of the population apparently meriting inclusion among the electorate as a r esult of several decades of carry on political participation. Phillips presents a coherent argument, though it is easy to confuse effects with intentions.In a circumstantial examination of parliamentary boroughs, Phillips (1992) has shown that the Reform Act significantly altered voting behaviour in some locations, but that the nature of change varied from place to place. Phillips argues that after 1832 voting became clearly and consistently partisan (partly an unintended consequence of voter registration). Voter turnout increased (it was already high in many places). Religious affiliation had more influence over voting choices than social class, as had been the case before 1832, and national issues rapidly came to dominate elections. Some electoral corruption continued, though it was politically irrelevant and rarely determined voting choices and election results. Another element of continuity, therefore, was the considerable freedom of choice enjoyed by voters.These findings a re useful because they indicate that elections were already politicised and participatory before 1832, and that the Reform Act furthered political commitment in a elbow room that would not otherwise have been possible. Indeed, reform made previous changes irreversible. Yet Phillips likely claims too much. His focus on topical anaesthetic conditions is not easy to marry with his view that the Reform Act facilitated the rise of national parties and national issues. Furthermore, reform gave government broader responsibilities, another reason why purely local contexts were superseded. Phillips identifies an increase in voting on national party lines, but he also shows that reform had uneven results. Perhaps in his general conclusions he loses sight of this point. His sample of boroughs all survived 1832 as two-member constituencies, moreover, which makes them a questionable basis for generalisation. The Reform Act possibly had greatest impact in the new boroughs it created in 1832.O n partisanship, national platforms, individual voter choice, participation and turnout in the post-1832 electoral system, the interpretation of Taylor (1997) differs greatly from that of Phillips. In Taylors account party was limited as an organisation and an idea. Consistency in voting took time to develop, as did party cohesion at local and elite levels, so that national platforms were not really significant until after 1867. Individual voter choice made little sense to contemporaries, adds Taylor. because they tended to vote as members of an interest or community, not as individuals. On this matter Taylor gives a salutary warning about the dangers of pollbook analysis, which tends to privilege the views of individual voters.He argues that the reformed system was meant to represent interests this was the constitutional context within which elections took place. As for participation, demographic change led to a relative fall in the proportion of voters among the adult manly popula tion after 1832, and in some boroughs voter turnout declined. Many potential 10 householders neer registered, and a large number of electors voted only once (particularly as first-time voters). The fact that there were six general elections within just 11 years (1830 to 1841) affected both registration and the inclination to vote. Much of this is incontestable, though the value of Taylors conclusions (like those of Phillips) must be balanced by a recognition of the diversity of borough constituencies.Did popular pressure really matter?Opinions differ as to the importance of popular pressure during the reform struggle. Though Briggs thinks that the bill relieved the danger of revolution, Rude (1967) notes the absence of a genuine revolutionary threat. Some historians deny that extra-parliamentary exhilaration did much to shape the struggle or its outcome. Clark (1985. p 402) insists that the timing and nature of reform owed most not to unrest and radicalism out of doors, but to par ty confusion, a conflict of opinion in cabinet and Parliament, and imbalance in high politics caused by Catholic liberty in 1829. Clark blames Peel for betraying the old regime, the confessional state with its exclusive Anglican constitution, and asserts that parliamentary reform would not have been possible without Catholic emancipation.The constitution was already fractured by earlier surrenders, argues Clark, even before Greys ministry took office. Hole (1989, ch. 16) offers a different analysis. He contends that secular arguments had been replacement religious ones in political controversy since the I 790s. Therefore Clarks confessional state no longer existed in the late 1820s. Theological influences played no important role in the struggles over Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform. Discussion was carried on primarily in political and social terms.Reform is not to be understood only in the intellectual and high political framework recreated by Clark. Any news repo rt of the reform struggle would be incomplete without some reference to popular pressure, and as excitement reached new peaks there were times when extra-parliamentary agitation had decisive impact October 1831 when the Lords rejected the reform bill, for example, and whitethorn 1832 when the Grey ministry resigned. After the Days of May, indeed, reformers were sure that their activities had prevented Wellington from forming a government and promoted Greys return to the premiership. On the other hand, as Evans suggests (1995, pp 92-3), even in May 1832 when agitation was of more moment than Wellingtons efforts to form an administration, it is not clear that the unrest in truth altered the course of events.Nor, in fact, did politicians ever lose the initiative. Wellingtons failure and Greys recall resulted directly from decisions made by William IV and prominent Tories. Brock (1973, pp 305-9) accepts that there was peril in 1832, though he points out that ministerial responses must b e treated cautiously. Francis Place, Joseph Parkes and other reform spokesmen kept ministers informed of the agitation, but we cannot be sure how much ministers believed or how far they were unnerved by what they were told. Cannon (1973, pp 238-40) concludes that pressure from below was less important than decisions interpreted at the top. But could the unrest of this period really be ignored? Grey and his colleagues were conscious of bulky pressure from external sources, which is one of the reasons why they only returned to office after securing the Kings agreement to a population of peers.Stevenson (1992, p 296) doubts that there could have been a rising had Wellington taken office in May 1832, for though the populate had arms, they did not have the necessary leadership and organisation. This emphasises the threat posed to the established guild not by the masses but by respectable radicalism and its methods. Newbould (1990, p 10) suggests that ministers were concerned less abo ut an imminent popular revolt than about a future challenge from the wealthy, assertive and politically conscious(predicate) middle classes. Much was said about a resort to physical force, not least by Place in London and the leaders of the Birmingham Political Union, but this talk was meant to disturb elite politicians. The will and planning for an uprising were exaggerated for effect. Several historians have emphasised this in their explanations of reform Thompson (1980, pp 887-903), Hamburger (1963, cii. 4), Thomis and Holt (1977, ch. 4) and Wright (1988, pp 89-95) conclude that the threat of revolution was never as serious as contemporaries believed or claimed.United implement was precluded by divisions within the reform movement. The campaign in many towns was fragmented, and Birmingham was unusual because of the co-operation there between reformers of different social ranks. It cannot be assumed that Place, Parkes and other spokesmen were firmly in control of the masses (and there was nevertheless an insurrectionary minority on the fringes of British radicalism, though it lacked wide support). Another important point is that there was less violence in May 1832 than in October 1831. Contemporaries noted this, and some feared a bleak plot, assuming that radicals were so well-disciplined they could hold themselves back in readiness for a popular outbreak at some later time. Place allowed this idea to spread. Again, perception mattered more than reality. Place advised his allies not to hold meetings in case these revealed that the popular movement was more divided than was generally supposed.Whig MPs and peers made much of the danger of unrest when addressing Parliament, as did Grey and the King in their correspondence. Though some misrepresent alarm only to persuade opponents of reform to give way, others genuinely feared revolution. The fear was expressed often enough, and not only in public arenas. Private letters and records include such expressions , and perhaps these reveal what people were really thinking at the time. For Grey and his colleagues, and for the King, one of the most disturbing aspects of the reform struggle was the manner in which popular pressure became focused with the rise of political unions. The fact that these bodies had such authority, and yet for so long were answerable only to themselves, was a new and alarming development. Grey repeatedly emphasised that the only way to take the wind from their sails was to carry the reform bill, and Lopatin (1991) and Ferguson (1960) have argued that there would have been no reform without them.Words and concepts to noteHegemonic paternalism a form of control by the natural leaders of society those who have the land, that amounted to domination.Instrumentality purpose served.Pollbooks the records kept by returning officers of those who voted in particular constituencies.

Personal Life and Success Essay Example for Free

Personal Life and Success EssayAt what engineer do you stop when you have achieved triple-crownness? This is a million dollar question that has pondered through the minds of populace for ages. Success is perceived differently in every individual. But what opinion is correct? What is the perfect look for a succeederful brio? Does success consist of the amount of money you earn or military unit or is success based on happiness? To achieve ultimate success, is contentment vital? These argon the questions that make the word success so subjective. What is the correct definition of success? In the dictionary it states that it is the exertion of an aim or single-valued function. Depending on your personal purpose in emotional state, success is achieved at different levels. Everyone has a different purpose in life that they would like to achieve. Thus, who determines what success means is based on their goals in life. Money or popularity may be someones purpose so they would d efine that as success. On the contrary, does living your life every sidereal day with no regrets or non worrying nigh money make you a successful person? When do we know when to stop when success is last achieved?Do you stop working for success when you have all the money in the world or do you stop when you are comfortable with your lifestyle? Particular people believe success is when you are content with the life you live, not worrying about money or the everyday struggles of life. Others may pause success is based on your income or how nice of an automobile you drive. It depends what you view as a quelled lifestyle. Unfortunately our society revolves and relies on money. Though that sounds contradicting, money plays a great role in everyones lives. In order to support a family and avow a house, currency is vital.We live in a society where money controls all. Without a decent cheat and a steady income, happiness seems so conflicting in the modern American life. We believe getting an education and earning a salary will lick happiness and joyfulness. I am not saying money is the key to success but its a foundation in our modern society. My father is a great example of how success is viewed differently in each person. He was a man who never went to college but was determine to be successful. He worked hard since he was in high school and now works for Boat and Motors Superstore where he manages his own boat parts department.My father loves working with boats and loves his family. If you were to ask him, his life has been successful. My father measures success with how much joy is brought to his life on a regular basis. A secure job and a loving family fill up his goal which ultimately makes him a successful person in his eyes. He does not focus on whether he has a higher income than others, my fathers man concern is security and happiness of himself and his family which is a quality that I cherish as well. The way I interpret success may be unique b ut I believe joyfulness will be present.My perspective of being successful resembles my fathers goals in life. I may not be wealthy or historied by any means but if I can maintain a stable job and a healthy family I would consider myself the most successful person in the world. Since the word success is more of an opinion based definition, the only way to measure success is if you are happy with the purpose you set in life that you would love to achieve. In other words, if you are happy with the person and life that is bestowed upon you today, then you have found success. What is success is a question from the past and will continue to be the question of the future.I believe there will never be one accepted wait on. If that answer is ever found, please feel free to inform me. But when looking back on your life that you lived, ask yourself if you were happy. If you were, I honestly believe you will feel successful. I think success does not always mean happiness, but happiness always means success. I may be anomalous towards the classification of the word success, but an opinion is neither right nor wrong. I hope one day we can call ourselves successful and find out if happiness trails along with it.

Gothic Art Essay Example for Free

chivalric Art canvas mediaeval art refers to an art movement in the middle ages ( vanguard de Bogart 70) that started in France around 1140 (the term that the ambulatory of the Church of Saint-Denis was constructed Encarta gothic Art and computer architecture) and lasted up until late 16th century finishedout europium (Encarta knightly Art and Architecture). In this paper, an introduction to gothic art, with a concentration on chivalric perform architecture, shall be discussed. To effectively provide an overview of this artistic style, this paper shall tackle the following the roots of the term, mediaeval a discussion of the characteristics of knightly architecture conclusion. Explaining the Term, knightly The term gothic was enforced by Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), the Italian artist and historiographer known for this book on the famous architects, to refer to the artistic style that condition the French churches such(prenominal) as the Notre Dame de Paris and the Church of Saint-Denis (Chapuis Gothic Art). The term came from the barbarians called Goths who were consequently known to lack the civility that the peck civilized people such as the Romans ought to have.These barbarians were one of the Nordic tribes likened to that of the Vandals as despoilers (Tarnocyova 69) that brought the civilization-filled Roman Empire into flames (Chapuis Gothic Art). As such, the Goths represent a regression or at the in truth least a certain break up of backwardness, crudeness, and lack of refinement. In fact, the Academie dArchitecture, meeting in 1710, still described unacceptable architectural manners as gothic (Tarnocyova 69). Hence, the term is originally a pejorative term that intends to put down an artistic style and say that the style is at the in truth least barbaric and rude.The reason why Vasari charged the artistic style as gothic has zero point to do with the merits or demerits of the style. It also has nothing to do with the logic and ingenuity that the artistic style exhibits. Rather, Vasari, dependable like most people during the Renaissance, were victims of the prejudices of their geological period. It should be recalled that the Renaissance was characterized by despise for tradition. As such, anything that belonged to the dark ages cannot be considered as good and of value. It is only fairly recent that the artistic manner and beauty of the gothic period is acknowledged for all its already-perceived merits.Gothic Architecture Gothic art is widely known primarily because of Gothic architecture. In fact, as was already stated in the introduction, the beginning of the Gothic period is pegged on the time of the construction of the chevet of the Church of Saint-Denis. It was 1127 when Abbott Suger, then the Abbott of Saint-Denis who was also the confidant of French Kings like Louis VI and Louis VII (Wikipedia Gothic Architecture), decided to rebuild the Church of Saint-Denis. This rebuilding eventually gave way to a new art period. How was this period initiated, then?At this point, it will be worthwhile to first state the Abbots philosophical ideas that contributed a lot to the underlying spiritual ideology of the Gothic Saint-Denis. Abbot Suger was some sort of philosopher/theologian in his own right. Corresponding with the theologian Dionysius from Syria (whose philosophy was some sort of Neoplatonist Christianity) (Helfrich History of Gothic Architecture), Suger came with the theory that theology could best be represented as a powerful fresh, as a supernatural on the loose(p) as he would call it (Helfrich History of Gothic Architecture), who through his omnipotence, spiritualizes everything that is material.As such, Gods church ought to be a place where light is mostly present. Gods church, being the gathering place of his people, ought to also be the place where God, as light, could put his people together represented by an enveloping light. With this in mind, Abbot Suger started rebuilding the west front of the church first (the abbot left the Carolingian nave untouched and moved to reconstruct the eastern part of the church). The sign impetus that defined the changes that the abbot did on the church was the desire to put more light on the choir.He wanted the effect of having something like a Heavenly Jerusalem (Tarnocyova 69) that is primarily perceived to be luminescent, in one way reflecting the glory, majesty and power of the One True God. In this way, the Church acts real as Christs earthly bride, bringing heaven-on-earth, making the physical reflect what is spiritual. It was this eastern reconstructive memory that would eventually be considered the very first Gothic art. Putting this ideal was not an easy depute to do.In the first place, the Romanesque period created bulky churches with thick walls and fewer and smaller windows. The creation of light, then, would entail an architecture that was different from what was then mainstream. It was in the face of this task that Abbot Sugers architects intellection of using a more sophisticated technology, the pointed arch. The use of the pointed arch gave the architects additional flexibility that was not accessible through the veer arches. For one, the use of the arch meant lesser lateral thrust of the roof on the walls (Chapuis, Gothic Art).In addition to this, the new system of ribbed vaults allowed for thready columns, allowing the stone material of the vaults to be lighter (Chapuis, Gothic Art) and space to be wider. Another important technology is the flying buttress that gave support to the thinner walls. These allowed for more space and more windows to be installed in these churches. More space and more windows meant more light penetrating the Church (or, in the case of Saint-Denis, the ambulatory of the church).Thus, Sugers ideal is now a humanity and Gothic architecture, with its characteristic pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, is finally born. It d oes not mean of course that Abbot Suger thought of Gothic architecture from a vacuum. It has to be remembered that ribbed vaults, buttresses, clustered columns, ambulatories, wheel windows, spires and richly carved approach tympanums were already features of ecclesiastical architecture (Wikipedia Gothic Architecture). Even the pointed arch which is used to typify Gothic architecture is not a product of a strike of genius.Assyrian architecture already made use of pointed arches as early as 720 B. C. (Wikipedia, Gothic Architecture). Islamic presence in Europe, most particularly in Spain, would account for the introduction of these arches in the West. What characterizes Gothic architecture then is not the presence of these somebody architectural traits but the putting of these elements together forming a unique architectural style that allows for spires, space, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, high-minded rose windows, clustered columns, ambulatories to exist in one magnificent monum ent.Actually, as it could be noticed, these characteristics were put together not out of whim Abbot Suger did not put these traits together just because. Instead, these architectural traits were utilized because of a purpose the creation of light and space in the choir of Saint-Denis. Thus, as is always acknowledged, these better-looking architectural traits came together out of technical impoverishment. Gothic architecture then is a product of a technical and spiritual need that eventually is characterized by the typical Latin cross floor aim at the same literally showing forth aggrandizement and light (Helfrich History of Gothic Architecture).Everything in a Gothic church shows forth height. This vertical emphasis could immediately be felt by an external viewer who may rapture in awe over the spires and pinnacles of Gothic churches. The frontage as well as the entire west front of a church has pointed arches, shafts, and main colonnade all of which pointing up. These amplif y the already overwhelming effect of spires that unanimously bring the gazers eyes to heaven. first appearance the Gothic church would continue that ethereal experience since the nave of a Gothic church is usually very high in proportion to its width.Upon looking up, the gazer would be led to look the ribbed vaults all of which lead to a boss in a pointing way. Not only would the gazer be enamored by the height that uplifts the spirit there is also the magnificent ray of lights that passes through strain glasses and more magnificently through rose windows. Gothic churches are famous for these magnificent rose wheel windows the best ones such as those in Notre Dame and Chartres create the effect of the flooding of light all over the cathedral.These light rays are complemented by the large and numerous other windows in the church. The flooding of light and the univocal filter on height is again complemented by the Gothic sculpture on the tympanum or columns or totally not attached at all to architecture (Encarta Gothic Art and Architecture). much(prenominal) architecture is characterized by naturalism at the same time the constant solemn disposition (Encarta Gothic Art and Architecture).ConclusionGothic art, specifically Gothic architecture, has been created initially out of the spiritual need that Abbot Suger problematized in Saint-Denis. This was then followed by the architectural-technical need to be able to answer to this spiritual need. These series of needs brought forth the fusion which is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest styles in architecture called gothic art.Works CitedGothic Architecture. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 2 October 2007. 5 October 2007. http//en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture. Gothic Architecture History plug in 101. January 2004. 2 October 2007. http//www. historylink101. com/lessons/art_history_lessons/ma/gothic_architecture. htm. Gothic Art and Architecture. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002. Gothic Ar t. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 4 October 2007. 5 October 2007. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gothic_art. Parts of a Cathedral. Medieval Time Reference. 2 October 2007. http//www. btinternet. com/timeref/cathpart. htm Chapuis, Julien.Gothic Art. In Timeline of Art History. October 2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 10 October 2007 http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/mgot/hd_mgot. htm. Helfrich, Serge. History of Gothic Architecture. 10 October 2007 http//www. xs4all. nl/helfrich/gothic/architecture. html Tarnocyova, Bronislava. Gothic Architecture Bratislava Leaders Magazine III (2007) 68-69. Van de Bogart, Doris. Introduction to the Humanities Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music and Literature. New York Barnes Noble, 1970.

Education and Teacher Essay Example for Free

Education and Teacher EssayThe word teacher does the profession no service. A teacher is re wholey a combination of the most central professions in the world. similarly the p bents, an educator is the biggest influence in a childs life. The age span in which children are in naturalize is the most impressionable years of their lives. A students educational give birth can mold the events of his or her future. That is why I regard to arrive a teacher. I want to be a mold for younger generations, and I confide for students to remember a populateledgeable and honourable teacher. Beliefs I timbre the student should come to school bequeathing to use up and the teacher should come sterilize to teachThe students role is reasonable as weighty as the teachers the students expectations of the teacher should be for her to teach and help them learn at all times. Teachers also play an important role in the classroom when it comes to the milieu. If the teacher prepares a warm, happy environment, students are more likely to be happy. An environment set by the teacher can be either good or bad. If students feel the teacher is angry, students may react badly to that and t herefore learning can be harder. I mobilize teachers are responsible for the social behavior in their classrooms.This behavior is primarily a reflection of the teachers actions and the environment he/she sets. Metaphysics We are all here for a purpose and I believe that, that is to live for god and follow his modal value of life. It is hard to know what you are really on earth for until you find it finished him Some teachers testament find it hard to keep the focus on the classroom do to all the other outside distractions but, I strongly believe that is you were meant to be a teacher then you will find a way to look past the bad and find the good. Why am I here? I think I am here to help children follow their dreams and make it through school easier than I did.When I become a teacher I want to be the trounce ever I want to see that smile on the kids faces after I teach them something amazing. Progressivism I want to teach from some aspects of the progressivism style which focuses on measure for individuality, high regard for science, and learning from experience. I want to teach the children in my classroom to have respect for each other. This is a quality that will help them to be successful in society because if they respect others, then others will have respect for them. Having respect for others also shows that they have respect for themselves.I also want children to learn by active activities. I will direct them from step to step and demonstrate how to do each step in the activities they perform. These activities make learning more interesting for the children because the children are able to get intricate instead of just always watching the teacher do everything. Speaking of the children getting involved, they can really get involved when learning in a different atmosphere when on field trips. I feel pickings children on field trips is an effective learning experience for them because it allows children to get out of the classroom setting and learn from a different perspective.In addition I want to focus on sciences because they are an important area in the knowledge of children. I think this growing area of our society should be cerebrate on thoroughly because science advances and improves every day and I feel children should be aware of their changing world. Constructivism I feel like this is the main reason why I should teach and why I want to teach, I have learned so much though school and it has molded me to become who I am today. I learn a lot through experience and what I know will make me a better teacher it will help me relate to the ones that hate school or the ones that think they cant do it.Its all a offset and the way you take the steps is how I think you will show others so you have to help them with their process and make sure that it doesnt go bad or in the wrong direction. I forge to continue my education so that I may make teaching my profession. After graduation, I hope to find a position in an elementary school teaching in one of the starting through sixth grade classes. I feel that elementary education is extremely important because it is here that children establish their foundation for the rest of the educational career. My goal and desires are to have the opportunity to touch a childs life.

Sociology comparing material to book Essay Example for Free

Sociology comparing material to carry EssayThe Youth, the combustible younger generation as we call it, is the backbone of any society or country. Dynamic and motivated offspring is the asset of the country. Dejected and frustrated callowness is the liability. This section of the society if remains dissatisfied, leads to several societal evils and problems. In this book, Jay MacLeod allows details about the Cl arndon Heights, a low-income Ameri brush aside Housing Project. save the problems are non exclusive of the Clarendon Heights.What is handstioned in the project is the mirror of the prevailing state of affairs and shows how the youth struggle against poverty, issues touch ond to defeatism and racial discrimination. MacLeods elucidation of the problem is o write and straight. He explains how the same old discrimination between the whites and the blacks attains new dimensions in the present era. In his writing, he highlights about two study chemical groups. One is the black minority group called The Br early(a)s and the second group is of white youths called the Hallway Hangers.MacLeods question is, and it is the question of all the right-thinking g plenty, as to why the group of the blacks is discriminated against on all counts. The notions of equality etc. repeated from several platforms are insincere in nature. They are far away from truth and the ground realities, tally to Macleod. Perceptible discrimination exists between the two groups. MacLeods question is, having been bestowed with the same educational and living conditions, why the aspirations of indeed two groups are different. The American system and law doesnt discriminate against any citizen black or white.Where lays the difficulty then to achieve the identical goals for the two groups He identifies the nature of companionable structure that causes the problem. MacLeod next examines whether inequality can be remedied by education. Education does some damage control exercise but it too cannot provide the final solution. The problems engulf more than one area social, economic, cultural, race etc. The prevailing conditions amongst the youth relate to the admixture of all these aspects. MacLeod is the research scholar and therefore his forward motion is methodical and well-studied.He has interviewed many youth and youth groups of both the races and the discussions involve many problematic subjects of the materialistic civilization, like sex, drugs, parents, poverty, parents, crime etc. The sedulousness of the rootage is noticeable as he revisits the same youths, mystifyting them questions as for their aspirations, attainments within this period and the experiences. The book, therefore, is a story related to realness. The continuing conflicts between the cultures and sub-cultures, their impact on social disposition of various sections afford been explained thoroughly in the book.Adolescent struggles are no ordinary struggles. They build or break the temperament and life of an single. Macleod has tried to give an honest analysis of all these interesting trends taking shape in the America mainly in the youth section and the society as a whole consequently. They say, It is dampen to deserve without receiving, than to receive without deserving, but the modern youth is not always ready to outline the philosophy of doing ones duty and waiting indefinitely for the results.They compare the prospectus and come about of individually other. Human tendencies like envy and heart-burning play the dominant role. The root cause of the social conflicts is the dissatisf fulfill in the individual looks. The suppressed thought processes give rise to violent perform processes, and are an impediment to healthy progress of the society. Every furcate has some permanent assets and liabilities associated with its class structure. Take for example the important concepts of Bourdies social reproduction theory.Working class children tend to follow and end up with working class jobs. But with the changing times, and extensive career counseling available, individual choices do play a predominant role. It is not surprising now to see a cab drivers son owning a well-heeled transport business, and the offspring of an unskilled mechanic turning out to be a brilliant mechanistic engineer. The views on class structure of other theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx, are too part of the truth, but not the absolute truth.They hold good for a particular stage of the class struggle, and once the trustd stage of economic prosperity is reached, they suffer from contradictions and demand change. Coming to the linguistic approach exposed by Basil Berstein and Shirley Brice, the restricted linguistic codes utilize by the working class children put them in a disadvantageous position since their counterpart use specialized codes which are the ones normally used in the academic setting in the schools. The working class fa milies possess a strong desire that their children should be better off as compared to their status.Most of them are explicitly interested in improve the lot of their children for which the first step is to provide them with proper level of education Basic conditions need to be created by the Government, for the people to become basically sound and industrious. Opportunities provided by industrial evolution, materialistic civilization and meshwork revolution make children of working class families turn out to brilliant scholars and establish industrial empires. What is call for of the education system is, it must involve the intrinsic capacity to change the thought process of an individual.solely when the thought process is changed, the action process will also change. Society changes for the better when the overall action process changes. This is what is called self-actualization with intrinsic motivation. Philosophically speaking, you are the creator of your destiny, not the v ictim. Even speaking scientifically, every action has the reaction and the intensity of the reaction is in proportion to the intensity of the action. Which means, the well-meaning efforts are bound to position and will make individual prosperity an attainable reality though ones well-directed efforts.Which is the certain and real American Society? Is it, as described by Jay Macleod, Horatio Algers accounts of the spectacular mobility achieved by men of humble origins through their own unremitting efforts occupy a treasured place in our subject area folklore? The American dream is held out as a genuine prospect for anyone with the drive to achieve it. (Macleod, 1995,p, 3) or as told to us about Freddie, I aint goin to college. Who wants to go to college? Id save end up getting a shitty job anyway.this statement pronounced with certitude and feeling, altogether contradicts our achievement ideology. (Macleod, 1995,p, 3) These two statements provide the true picture of the America n society today and the state of mind of the younger generation. When the torch is passed on from one generation to the next generation, it depends what the new generation does with what their forefathers and parents left and from where they left. In the absence of the take-off ground and facilities, they go round and round, unable to achieve any progress.MacLeod links individual lives with social theory to forge a powerful argument about how inequality is created, sustained, and accepted in the linked States. The book provides the perspective of the achievement ideology and explains how it is not possible for everyone to climb the ladder of social mobility. The author is an honest critic of the prevailing conditions in the U. S. society. His discussions are engaging and you rightly guess that it is the power of the pen of the professional. Some critics say that the book is the socialist junk.What Macleod does is to point out where Americas much acclaimed capitalist model has fail ed or needs modifications. It is, therefore, not correct to label him as a socialist. His views about racism and socioeconomic discrimination are strong and without reservations. Given the ground realities in US, it is wise to accept his views than to disco biscuit unsubstantiated criticism. Macleod cleverly explains both the groups studied by him failed to get out of poverty due to reasons other than racial discrimination.Poor aspirations and lack of determination contributed to their stationary position in the social ladder of prosperity. He also explains how societal structures limit and restrict the actions of the individuals and curb the upward mobility. Unlike thinkers like Gramsci, MacLeod doesnt entrust that Communist Revolution can ever ambush America, and he thinks that the remedy of communist philosophy is beat out than the capitalistic disease. Speaking about individual cases, Macleod points out that all the subjects interviewed by him, had regrets about their non-pe rformance when they should have worked hard.Shirking responsibility and buttering people can never bring permanent success for one in life. Many had regrets that they did not work hard at schools and thus wasted their opportunities. The contents of the book provide insight in to the lives of the teenagers in U. S. , both whites and blacks. Laziness could be one of the reasons for poverty, but according to the author there are other barriers that cry a halt to the progress and make the people remain poor. Segregation may be legally dead in USA, but in reality the tremors of segregation are still felt in many walks of life of the black people.It revels at the mind-level. It is well-heeled for the people from the Upper Class to sit on the ivory tower and dub the poor as lazy and good-for-nothing. Macleods sense of metaphor makes the examples provided by him appealing and they add to the strength of his arguments.References CitedMacleod, Jay Book Aint no Makin It. Expanded Edition Pape rback 336 pages Publisher Westview Press (July 11, 1995) Language English ISBN-10 0813315158 ISBN-13 978-0813315157

Theme Park Tourism Essay Example for Free

in the rawspaper publisher Park Tourism EssayDomestic an International Tourism preservation, 303 Mihai Bravu Street, bl 18 A, sc B, ap 54, field3, Buch best, Email emailprotected com, send for 0744. 671. 291 Strutzen Gina 14 Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, Voluntari, Ilfov, Email emailprotected com, Ph 1 0723. 212. 300, Romanian Ameri net Univerity, Faculty of Domestic an International Tourism Economy Theme position be star players in the touristry industry, and play a extra and eventful role in generating touristry submit. Theme ball poses ar the main motivators for tourism trips to many destinations and hollow elements of the tourism product. Competition in the ancestor ball jet commercialise is growing in issueition in terms of an increasing material body of common, but also relative to different(a) uses of leisure. But in different argonas, the understructure position commercialize in seems to be reaching its saturation point and the regularise in volve to earmark for fancyors who are getting more(prenominal) and more experienced and involveing. Given these trends of growing field of study greens supply, milieual constraints and increasingly discriminating consumer demand, it can be concluded that field pose, to survive in this competitive market, mustiness optimize is, given an ever increasing go of positioning areas and future trend of consumer behavior.Keywords tourism, authorship pose, return The newspaper super C concept In usual, shank parks can be defined as a subset of visitor disembowelions. Visitor attractions are described as permanent resources which are designed, controlled and managed for the enjoyment, pleasure, entertainment, and education of the see creation There are the main references of managed attractions for visitors ancient monuments historic buildings parks and gardens free radical parks wildlife attractions museums machination galleries industrial archeology sites themed retail sites amusement and leisure parks.A nonher definition of visitor attractions is regarded by specificists as single units, individual sites or clearly defined small- home base geographical areas that are accessible and travel striking numbers of people to travel some distance from their home, usually in their leisure time, to visit them for a short, limited period of time. Although this definition excludes uncontrollable and unmanageable phenomena the definition does imply that attractions are entities that are capable of being delimited and managed.The adepts of this definition consider four main types of attractions features within the innate environment (beaches, caves, forests) man-made buildings, structures and sites that were designed for a purpose other than attracting visitors (churches, archeological sites) man-made buildings, structures and sites that were designed to attract visitors and were purposely built to accommodate their needs, such(prenominal) as theme parks (theme parks, museums, piddlefront victimizations) special events (sporting events, markets). These four types are distinguished by two aspects.Firstly, the first three types are by and rangy permanent attractions, while the survive category covers attractions that are temporary. Second, tourism is frequently seen as a threat to the first two types, and is generally perceived to be beneficial and an opportunity for the last two types. Managers of the first two types of attractions in general deal with problems caused by visitors, such as environmental damages and pollution, while managers of the other two types pitch to aim to attract tourists, increase visitor numbers, and maximize scotch input.The main features that distinguish theme parks from other kinds of visitor attractions are a single pay-one-price admission charge the fact that they are loosely artificially created the requirement of senior high school capital investments. Theme parks attempt to create an atmosphere of another(prenominal) place and time, and usually emphasize one dominant theme slightly which architecture, landscape, rides, shows, food work, costumed personnel, sell are 635 orchestrated.In this definition, the concept of themes is crucial to the operation of the parks, with rides, entertainment, and food all used to create several(prenominal) different environments. Examples of types of themes used in contemporary theme parks acknowledge history-periods, fairy tails, animals, water, marine and futurism. These themes are used to create and sustain a feeling of life involvement in a cathode-ray oscilloscope completely removed from daily experience. Most theme parks are isolated, self contained units. Furthermore, it needs to be noted that intimately theme parks are developed, targeted and managed as private sector companies, and are commercialized enterprises.The worlds best kn ingest theme parks arguably are the Disney parks, such as Disneyland, Disneyworld and Euro Disney. The amusement parks, appeared previous the theme park concept, which were developed at the turn of this century and consisted of a premix of entertainment, rides, games, and tests of skill provided at fairs, carnivals, circuses, and frequently they had an outdoor garden for drinking. Amusement parks were an essential element of passel tourism in the pre-depression period. However, the World War II has strongly influenced the decline of the traditional amusement park. legion(predicate) parks were forced to close down permanently, while others survived, on a reduced scale, into the 1950s or even beyond. Since the end of World War II the number and range of theme parks obtainable to consumers has multiplied dramatically. The rise of car-ownership has increased mobility and allowed people to visit more isolated parks in their own countries that were previously inaccessible. Rising affluence has increased the amount of free time. Also, longer weekends and increased paid holidays yield got helped to stimulate the expansion in theme park visits.Furthermore, the growth of tourism in the past fifty dollar bill years and the recognition of the economic benefits of tourism have led to the growth of purpose-built attractions, such as theme parks, specifically designed to attract tourists, and to encourage them to spend their money. Disney was the first to introduce a special and new style of parks around a number of themes or unifying ideas to sanitize the amusement park for the middle classes. The modern day techniques for reproducing landscape, buildings, and arte facts can create a reality in theme parks that has been previously the preserve of film and theatre.Through changes in transferenceation technology and social attitudes, business district industrial and residential land has wrick redundant. For example, historic buildings are often inaccessible to the new scale of road, and historic buildings worthy of conservation are not always ada ptable to new business practice. The online interest in urban space for leisure and the use of leisure as a germ for adaptation and renewal is significant. In marketing urban locations for new investment the quality of life is bonny identified with the quality of the leisure environment. During the 80s and 90s, theme parks began spreading around the world.While many developing nations are experiencing the entertainment of theme parks for the first time, the theme park growth slowed in the USA due to escalating costs and a lack of markets large enough to brook a theme park. The development of theme parks over time has been different in any country, reflecting differences in a number of factors including the level of economic development and the distribution of wealth the transport system the natural environment and built heritage the national culture the degree to which tourism is a content of incoming foreign visitors rather than domestic demand.The tourism general environm ent of the theme parks The theme park and its total tourism environment need to be a place in which the full array of physical features and operate are provided for an assumed efficacy of visitors. The tourism supply and demand market is the two sides that require close examination for theme park planning. Insight in market developments is demand for taking a longer term perspective in theme park planning.The economic environment of theme parks The planning efforts of theme park are mostly directed towards improving the economic system, because the economic impact of theme parks is generally positive including increased direct and indirect employment, income and foreign substitution improved back breaker facilities and other infrastructure for tourism that residents also can 636 utilize generation of governing revenues for improvement of community facilities and services the multiplier effect within the local and regional economy.Although improving the economy is an importan t goal, it will not be achieved unless planning for the economy is accompanied by three other goals, enhanced visitor satisfaction, protected resource assets, and integration with community social and economic life. For example, some theme parks use imported goods and services instead of taking advantage of locally available resources. Also, tourism can cause inflation of local prices of land, goods and services. The socio- heathenish environment of theme parks The impact of theme park operations can bring both benefits and problems to the local society and its cultural patterns.A theme park in an area generates contact amongst residents and visitors. This can be problematic in areas where the traditional cultural pattern of the residents differs extremely from that of the visitors of a park. Also, when on that point is a potent socioeconomic difference between the visitors and the residents this may cause a problem. For example, problems may include over crowding of facilities and transportation, over commercialization, misunderstandings and conflicts between residents and visitors because of differences in languages, customs, and nourish systems, and violation of local dress and behavior codes.Theme parks particularly have peak attending figures, and therefore the concentration of visitors in space and time is a major problem. On the other hand, tourism in an area may improve the living standards of people and help pay for improvements to community facilities and services if the economic benefits of tourism are well distributed. The psychically environment of theme parks Theme parks environmental impact is mostly negative and a cause for concern.As theme parks have been designed specifically to accommodate the modern visitor, the environmental impact of theme parks can include visual pollution like unattractive buildings and structures, and large unattractive car parks. The space occupation of parks is enormous and mostly involves destruction of parts of the natural environment. Other environmental problems are air and water pollution, noise, vehicular and pedestrian congestion, and land use incompatibility. Therefore, an essential element of theme park planning is find out the carrying capacities or use saturation levels of the area.The transportation of the theme parks Passenger transportation is a spanking component of the theme park system. Theme parks have a relationship with transport systems in a number of ways The transport networks make theme parks physically accessible to potentiality visitors and therefore are an important factor in determining the number of visitors a theme park is likely to attract. The e existence of major theme parks and attractions leads to the development of new earthly concern transport services to meet the demand of visitors.The transport is also important within destinations to make travel between theme parks and attractions and between attractions and services as easy as possible. The mo des of transport can often be an attraction in themselves with passengers being encouraged to see using them as a type of special event. The novel methods of on-site transport are used to move visitors around the theme park in ways that will add to the enjoyment of their visit. The planning of inter modal transportation centers is involve for domestic local, as well as outside, visitor markets.The infrastructure of theme parks In increment to transportation facilities, other infrastructure elements include water supply, electric power, looseness disposal, and telecommunications. These components are usually aforethought(ip) by the public sector. Even though private and independent decision making are determine passing by most enterprises in all tourism sectors, each will gain by better understanding the trends and plans by others. The public sector can plan for better highways, water supply, waste disposal, when private sector plans for attractions and services are known.Conve rsely, the private sector can plan and develop more effectively when public sector plans are known. Facilities offered by the theme parks Accommodation, hotels and other tourist facilities, provide services so that tourists can stay overnight during their travels. Other facilities necessary for tourism development include tour and travel operations, restaurants, retail 637 outlets, souvenir shops, financial facilities and services, tourist information offices, public safety facilities and services of police and fire protection.A theme park and its environment need to be planned in such a way that the entire array of physical features and services is provided for an assumed capacity of visitors. It is important in planning the services businesses to realize that they gain from clustering. Food services, lodging, and supplementary services must be grouped together and within reasonable time and distance reach for the visitor. The institutional environment The institutional elements ne ed to be considered in planning the theme park environment. From national to local governing levels, statutory requirements may stimulate or hinder tourism development.For example, policies on infrastructure may favor one area over another. Also, the administrative laws and regulations can influence the amount and quality of tourism development in a particular area. Policies of the many departments and bureaus can greatly influence how human, physical and cultural resources are applied. The development of theme parks The theme park market worldwide has grown dramatically during the last decades. For example, in the USA (where most of the theme park trends originated), theme parks have more than 200 jillion paid attendees each year. This strong consumer demand has resulted in the development of many parks.These parks are not only growing rapidly in size and importance, but also are investing substantial amounts in new entertainment and facilities, and extending their services into r elatively unexplored areas such as catering and accommodation.. Also, Asia is the theme park market for the new millennium. Even more, several Asian cities, like Bangkok, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, want to become tourism hubs, and theme parks are central to these plans. Although in the Asian countries a shift from hopping centers to theme parks can be seen, the opposite can be observed as well indicating a growing role of retailing in existing theme parks.The relationship between merchandising and theme park visits clearly has potential for further growth, and the advantages of stimulating this demand are becoming increasingly recognized by theme park operators. They are racing to obtain more profits out of their rides, activities and exhibits by linking rides to merchandise and placing goods at spots where visitors are most likely to buy, and that is close to the key rides, activities and exhibits The objective is to give people a part of the park to take home and share with othe rs.In Europe most theme parks were built in the last 25 years. First, theme parks were more a Northern Europe phenomenon, but recently, several regions and countries in Southern Europe have supported the growth of theme parks as an attractive option to increase economic input. Due to all these new parks built, the theme park market is saturating. Consequently, the competition in the European theme park market is growing. Not only in terms of the growing number of new other parks, but also due to other uses of leisure time and discretionary expenditure such as home-based entertainment systems.Managers of large theme parks are concerned about the scale of the investments required to add new excite rides, activities and exhibits to their product. Especially, because a golden rule is that a theme park every year has to expand their park with a new attraction, to attract the required level of visitors European theme parks invest in average twenty percent of their turnover on new or bette r rides, activities and exhibits. Theme parks challenges The first challenge for theme parks managers is to integrate the elements in the park itself with all the elements defining the theme park environment in the theme park development plan.For example, theme parks cannot function without transportation possibilities to bring the visitor to the park, or food supply or accommodation to support the visitors stay. Planning a theme park requires significant public private cooperation. More and more public governments turn to the private sector for the provision of services and the production of new products However, in order for such processes to run smoothly in theme parks, greater understanding of the roles of both sectors is needed. All private sector players on the supply side of the theme park environment such as, attractions, services, transportation, etc., depend greatly on investment, planning and wariness policies of government.Conversely, governments depend on the private s ector for many tourism activities and responsibilities. Therefore, cooperation between the public and private sector is essential. 638 Another characteristic of theme parks is that their demand is highly time of yearal. For theme park planners seasonality effects mean that they need to plan the facilities in such a way that whatever season or number of visitors in the park, the visitor experiences in the park are optimal.Also, when demand for rides, activities and facilities fluctuates during the day this can cause problems for the park, such as congestion and time specific peaks at the rides, activities and facilities. For theme park managers, capacity planning and routing is therefore an important task to deal with these problems. For example, to optimize the visitor streams in the park and to background waiting times at the activities. Another characteristic is the fact that theme parks represent high fixed costs and low variable costs.This means that the costs per visitor in t he low season, when there are only few visitors in the park, are much higher than in the high season, especially if the quality of the visitor experience has to be maintained. Furthermore, each year parks require high investments to add new exciting attractions to their product to attract the required level of visitors At the demand side, theme park planners may rely on marketers to actively try and manipulate tourist demand, by price note across seasons, special rates for early bookings and bundling of services and visits over time or with other tourist facilities in the region.Similar to other tourist attractions, theme parks first and foremost provide enjoyment to their customers. This implies that theme park managers face especially strong demands from customers for new and exciting innovations in their services. modified strategies need to be devised to deal with tourist variety seeking. Also typically a diverse number of services within a park is required to promote repeat v isits and to cater for different members of visitors groups as seniors and children) and for different segments in the tourist population at large.This has important implications for theme park planning in terms of location and type of activities that should be introduced and supported. Detailed consumer information often is essential to meet these consumers requirements. The costumers requirements place special demands on theme park planners in terms of meeting environmental standards imposed done (inter)national regulations and local communities, by increasing demands in terms of decorate and design, and financial responsibilities in terms of managing large areas of land which need to be bought, leased or rented depending on the organizations financial management strategy.Another challenge facing theme park planner is that planning a park requires special skills in terms of combining creative and commercial abilities. Theme park design is crucial in determining the success of a park. In terms of design, several different levels can be distinguished. First, rides, activities and exhibits have to be designed attractively and effectively both in terms of initial appeal and usage. Second, landscaping and urban designs are required to integrate the different single facilities into a whole based on the selected theme for the park.And finally, activities and services need to be arranged that can support and increase consumer experiences of the physical elements in the park. There also are some more general features of the theme park product that are shared with other services and that are a challenge to theme park planning. Meeting consumer demand must be done however without compromising environmental and socio-cultural objectives. Because the theme product is consumed and produced at the same(p) time, the service must be right the first time. Therefore, adequate theme park planning is highly critical for optimizing the delivery of the theme park product to the consumer.The final challenges facing theme park planners are created by the theme park market. There is a growing competition in the theme park market, with an ever increasing number of parks and many parks expanding their activities. Even more so, the tourist demand market is facing demographic changes in the form of agreeing population, economic changes that lead to tighter family time budgets because of an increasing number of double earner households, and the introduction of new technologies such as multimedia entertainment that compete at one time with the traditional theme park market.Knowledge of potential market origins, and interests, habits and other travel characteristics of the population is a necessary but not sufficient condition to plan the several components of the supply side. It is important for the parks to know how consumers think, and what makes them visit or not visit attractions, and when they want to visit a park. Also, for theme park planners, an estimate o f peak visitor volume is essential to the planning of every feature of the theme park, parking, attractions, exhibits, whoremaster facilities, tour guidance, food services and souvenir sales.639 It can be concluded that the challenges theme park planners face ask for planning methods that can integrate the different components in the planning processes within and across divers(a) levels of planning. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Clave, Clark, Global theme park industry, Cab International, 2007 Goelder, Ch. , Tourism principles, practices, philosophies 8th ed. , Edit. John Wiley Sons, SUA, 2000 Wright, Godwin, The Imagineering Field Guide to magical Kingdom Park at Walt Disney World Disney Press, 2005 www. themeparkinsider. com www. amusamentparks. com.